tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-387775582024-03-26T14:57:34.416+05:30Essentially UnessentialUnknownnoreply@blogger.comBlogger52125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-38777558.post-8852414879902180352013-03-13T12:25:00.000+05:302013-03-13T12:25:14.326+05:30Herbs and Spices in English, Hindi, Marathi and KannadaHerbs and Spices in English, Hindi, Marathi and Kannada. For many items, the translations is missing. If anyone is aware of the translations, kindly let me know. <style type="text/css">.nobrtable br { display: none } tr {text-align: center;} tr.alt td {background-color: #eeeecc; color: black;} tr {text-align: center;} caption {caption-side:bottom;} </style><br />
<div class="nobrtable">
<table border="2" bordercolor="#0033FF" cellpadding="3" cellspacing="0" style="background-color: lightslategrey; color: white;"><caption><b>Herbs and Spices</b></caption><tbody>
<tr style="background-color: lightsteelblue; color: steelblue; padding-bottom: 4px; padding-top: 5px;"><th>English</th><th>Hindi</th><th>Marathi</th><th>Kannada</th></tr>
<tr class="”alt”"><td>Amaranth greens</td><td>Chau lai</td><td>Rajgira, Maath, tamda math, shravani maath</td><td>callaloo, dhantinasoppu / harive</td></tr>
<tr class="”alt”"><td>Aniseed</td><td>Valaiti saunf or aawonf</td><td>Somp, (barik) Badishep</td><td>Somp</td></tr>
<tr class="”alt”"><td>Asafoetida</td><td>Hing</td><td>Hinga</td><td>Hinger, Ingu</td></tr>
<tr class="”alt”"><td>Basil (Holy Basil - India tulsi, Sweet Basil - italian cuisine)</td><td>Bawari bawari,Ban thulasi, Tulsi</td><td>Sabja/Tulasa</td><td>Amli, Huli, Tulasi</td></tr>
<tr class="”alt”"><td>Bay Leaf / Indian Cassia (Cinnamomum Tamala)</td><td>Teg Patta</td><td>Tejpata /Darchini</td><td>Patre</td></tr>
<tr class="”alt”"><td>Bishop's Weed/Tymol Seeds</td><td>Ajwain</td><td>Owa</td><td>Omina Kaalusi</td></tr>
<tr class="”alt”"><td>Black Pepper</td><td>Kali Mirch</td><td>Kali Miri</td><td>Kari Menasu</td></tr>
<tr class="”alt”"><td>Caper</td><td>Kabra</td><td>Kabur</td><td>-</td></tr>
<tr class="”alt”"><td>Caper / Flinders rose</td><td>-</td><td>-</td><td>-</td></tr>
<tr class="”alt”"><td>Caraway Seed</td><td>Siya zira or Shia zira</td><td>Vilaiti zirah</td><td>Shime jeerige</td></tr>
<tr class="”alt”"><td>Cardamom</td><td>Elaichi</td><td>Velchil</td><td>Elakki</td></tr>
<tr class="”alt”"><td>Cassia Cinnamomum </td><td>Jangli dalchini</td><td>Jangli dalchini</td><td>-</td></tr>
<tr class="”alt”"><td>Celery</td><td>Shalari, Ajmud, Randhuni</td><td>Ajmoda</td><td>-</td></tr>
<tr class="”alt”"><td>Charoli</td><td>Chironji</td><td>Charoli</td><td>-</td></tr>
<tr class="”alt”"><td>Chilli</td><td>Mirch</td><td>Mirchi</td><td>Menasinakaayi</td></tr>
<tr class="”alt”"><td>Cinnamon</td><td>Dalchini</td><td>Dalchini</td><td>Lavangapattai, Chakke</td></tr>
<tr class="”alt”"><td>Cloves</td><td>Lavang</td><td>Lavanga</td><td>Lavanga</td></tr>
<tr class="”alt”"><td>Coriander Leaves (Cilantro)</td><td>Hara Dhania</td><td>Kothimbir</td><td>Kottambari Soppu</td></tr>
<tr class="”alt”"><td>Coriander Seeds(Cilantro)</td><td>Dhaniya</td><td>Dhane</td><td>Kottambari Beeja</td></tr>
<tr class="”alt”"><td>Cumin Seeds</td><td>Jira, Jeera, Zira or Safaid jeera Or Zeera</td><td>Jeera, Jeregire</td><td>Jeerige</td></tr>
<tr class="”alt”"><td>Curry Leaves</td><td>Kathnim, Mitha neem, Curry or kurry patta, Gandhela, Bareanga</td><td>Kadhi patta, Karhinimb, Poospala, Gandla, Jhirang</td><td>Karibevina Soppu</td></tr>
<tr class="”alt”"><td>Dill</td><td>Suvabhaji</td><td>Shepu</td><td>Sapsige Soppu</td></tr>
<tr class="”alt”"><td>Dry Ginger</td><td>Sondh</td><td>Suntha</td><td>Vana Shunti</td></tr>
<tr class="”alt”"><td>Fennel</td><td>Saunf, sonp</td><td>Badishep</td><td>Badi-sopu</td></tr>
<tr class="”alt”"><td>Fenugreek</td><td>Methi</td><td>Methi</td><td>Menthya, Menthya Da Soppu</td></tr>
<tr class="”alt”"><td>Fenugreek Leaves dried</td><td>Kasoori Methi Dried</td><td>-</td><td>-</td></tr>
<tr class="”alt”"><td>Fenugreek Seeds</td><td>Methi</td><td>Methi</td><td>Menthya</td></tr>
<tr class="”alt”"><td>Gambooge/ Malabar Tamarind</td><td>-</td><td>-</td><td>Uppage Huli</td></tr>
<tr class="”alt”"><td>Garlic</td><td>Lasan</td><td>Lasun</td><td>Bellulli</td></tr>
<tr class="”alt”"><td>Ginger</td><td>Adrak</td><td>Ala (Suntha)</td><td>Shunti, Ardraka</td></tr>
<tr class="”alt”"><td>Greater Galanga</td><td>Kulanjan</td><td>Koshtkulinjan</td><td>Rasmi</td></tr>
<tr class="”alt”"><td>Green Chilli</td><td>Hari Mirch</td><td>Hirvi Mirchi</td><td>Hasiru Menasinakaayi</td></tr>
<tr class="”alt”"><td>Horseradish</td><td>Sahijan</td><td>-</td><td>-</td></tr>
<tr class="”alt”"><td>Hyssop</td><td>Jufa</td><td>-</td><td>-</td></tr>
<tr class="”alt”"><td>Indian Cassia (Cinnamomum Tamala)</td><td>Teg Patta</td><td>Tejpata/Darchini</td><td>Patre</td></tr>
<tr class="”alt”"><td>Jaggery</td><td>Gur</td><td>Guul</td><td>Bella</td></tr>
<tr class="”alt”"><td>Juniper Berry</td><td>Hapusha, Aaraar </td><td>-</td><td>-</td></tr>
<tr class="”alt”"><td>Kokam, Indian Tallow tree/Garcinia</td><td>Kokam</td><td>Amsol, Katambi, Kokam, Ratamba</td><td>Murgala</td></tr>
<tr class="”alt”"><td>Lemon</td><td>Leembu</td><td>Limbu</td><td>Nimbekaayi</td></tr>
<tr class="”alt”"><td>Mace</td><td>Javitri</td><td>Jaypatri</td><td>-</td></tr>
<tr class="”alt”"><td>Mango Powder</td><td>Amchoor</td><td>Amchoor</td><td>Vana Maavina Pudi</td></tr>
<tr class="”alt”"><td>Marjoram</td><td>Marwa</td><td>-</td><td>Maruga, Kumaon bantulsi</td></tr>
<tr class="”alt”"><td>Mint</td><td>Pudina</td><td>Pudina</td><td>Pudina</td></tr>
<tr class="”alt”"><td>Mustard Plant</td><td>Sarson</td><td>-</td><td>-</td></tr>
<tr class="”alt”"><td>Mustard Seeds</td><td>Rai, Banarasi rai, Kalee sarson</td><td>Mohari</td><td>Aasur, Sorisa, Sasive</td></tr>
<tr class="”alt”"><td>Nigella seed</td><td>Kalonji</td><td>-</td><td>-</td></tr>
<tr class="”alt”"><td>Nutmeg</td><td>Jaiphal</td><td>Jaiphal</td><td>Jayikaayi</td></tr>
<tr class="”alt”"><td>Onion</td><td>Pyaz</td><td>Kanda</td><td>Irulli, Ullagaddi</td></tr>
<tr class="”alt”"><td>Oregano</td><td>Sathra, Mirzanjosh</td><td>Onva</td><td>-</td></tr>
<tr class="”alt”"><td>Parsley</td><td>Ajmood</td><td>Ajmoda</td><td>Achu-Mooda</td></tr>
<tr class="”alt”"><td>Pepper Long</td><td>Pipli</td><td>Pimpli</td><td>Hippali, Hippalibali, Kuna</td></tr>
<tr class="”alt”"><td>Poppy Seeds</td><td>Khus-Khus</td><td>Khus-Khus</td><td>Gasagase, Khasksi</td></tr>
<tr class="”alt”"><td>Red Chilli</td><td>Lal Mirch</td><td>Lal Mirchi</td><td>Kempu Menasinakaayi</td></tr>
<tr class="”alt”"><td>Rosemary</td><td>Rusmari</td><td>-</td><td>-</td></tr>
<tr class="”alt”"><td>Safflower Plant leaves</td><td>-</td><td>Kardai</td><td>-</td></tr>
<tr class="”alt”"><td>Saffron</td><td>Kesar</td><td>Keshar</td><td>Kesari</td></tr>
<tr class="”alt”"><td>Sage</td><td>Salvia, Sefakus</td><td>-</td><td>-</td></tr>
<tr class="”alt”"><td>Scallions, Spring Onions</td><td>-</td><td>Kanda Paat</td><td>-</td></tr>
<tr class="”alt”"><td>Sesame Seeds</td><td>Til</td><td>Teel</td><td>Ellu</td></tr>
<tr class="”alt”"><td>Spinach</td><td>Palak</td><td>-</td><td>Palak Soppu</td></tr>
<tr class="”alt”"><td>Star Anise</td><td>Anasphal</td><td>Badian, Chakra Phool</td><td>-</td></tr>
<tr class="”alt”"><td>Stone Flower</td><td>-</td><td>Dagad Phool</td><td>-</td></tr>
<tr class="”alt”"><td>Sweet Flag</td><td>Bach, Gorabach</td><td>Vekhand, Bariboj, Wach</td><td>Baje,Bajegda</td></tr>
<tr class="”alt”"><td>Tamarind</td><td>Imli</td><td>Chincha</td><td>Hunasehannu, Huli</td></tr>
<tr class="”alt”"><td>Thyme</td><td>Banajwain </td><td>-</td><td>-</td></tr>
<tr class="”alt”"><td>Turmeric Powder</td><td>Haldi</td><td>Halad</td><td>Arishina</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
Unknownnoreply@blogger.com11tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-38777558.post-18426218142030303072013-01-05T08:18:00.000+05:302015-06-22T09:55:38.269+05:30Vegetable names in English, Hindi, Marathi and KannadaVegetable names in English, Hindi, Marathi and Kannada. Many names are missing. If anyone knows about them or any corrections required in existing data, kindly let me know.
<style type="text/css">.nobrtable br { display: none } tr {text-align: center;} tr.alt td {background-color: #eeeecc; color: black;} tr {text-align: center;} caption {caption-side:bottom;} </style><br />
<div class="nobrtable">
<table border="2" bordercolor="#0033FF" cellpadding="3" cellspacing="0" style="background-color: lightslategrey; color: white;"><caption><b>Vegetables</b></caption><tbody>
<tr style="background-color: lightsteelblue; color: steelblue; padding-bottom: 4px; padding-top: 5px;">
<th>English</th>
<th>Hindi</th>
<th>Marathi</th>
<th>Kannada</th></tr>
<tr class="”alt”">
<td>Artichoke</td>
<td>Hathichouk</td>
<td>-</td>
<td>Palle Huvu</td></tr>
<tr class="”alt”">
<td>Ash Gourd</td>
<td>Petha</td>
<td>Kohala</td>
<td>Budkumbalkai/Boodhagumbala Kaayi</td></tr>
<tr class="”alt”">
<td>Beetroot</td>
<td>Chaquander</td>
<td>Beet</td>
<td>Beetroot</td></tr>
<tr class="”alt”">
<td>Bell Pepper (Capsicum)</td>
<td>Bari Mirch, Simla Mirch</td>
<td>Dabu mirchi, Dhobli Mirchi</td>
<td>Donnmenasinakaayi</td></tr>
<tr class="”alt”">
<td>Bitter Gourd</td>
<td>Karela</td>
<td>Karli</td>
<td>Haagalakaayi</td></tr>
<tr class="”alt”">
<td>Bottle Gourd</td>
<td>Lauki - Kaddu - Doodhi</td>
<td>Doodhi</td>
<td>Sorekai</td></tr>
<tr class="”alt”">
<td>Brinjal (Eggplant)</td>
<td>Baingan</td>
<td>Vangi</td>
<td>Badanekaayi</td></tr>
<tr class="”alt”">
<td>Broad Beans - Fava Beans - Field Bean</td>
<td>Papdi - Val - Bakla</td>
<td>Papdi - Val</td>
<td>Avarekai</td></tr>
<tr class="”alt”">
<td>Cabbage</td>
<td>Bandh Gobi, Pattagobi</td>
<td>Kobi</td>
<td>Ele Kosu</td></tr>
<tr class="”alt”">
<td>Carrot</td>
<td>Gajar</td>
<td>Gajar</td>
<td>Carrot</td></tr>
<tr class="”alt”">
<td>Cauliflower</td>
<td>Phool Gobi</td>
<td>Phulavar</td>
<td>Hoo Kosu</td></tr>
<tr class="”alt”">
<td>Chayote Squash</td>
<td>-</td>
<td>-</td>
<td>Seemebadane Kaayi</td></tr>
<tr class="”alt”">
<td>Cluster Beans</td>
<td>Gowaar Phali</td>
<td>Gavar</td>
<td>Gorikaayi</td></tr>
<tr class="”alt”">
<td>Colacassia (Leaves, Roots)</td>
<td>Arbi - Arvi</td>
<td>Alu</td>
<td>Kesu/Arvi</td></tr>
<tr class="”alt”">
<td>Cucumber</td>
<td>Kheera - Kakdi</td>
<td>Kaakdi</td>
<td>Souvatekaayi</td></tr>
<tr class="”alt”">
<td>Double Beans</td>
<td>Boda</td>
<td>Double bee</td>
<td>Chapparadavrekai</td></tr>
<tr class="”alt”">
<td>Drumstick</td>
<td>Shingh phali / Sahjan Ki Phali</td>
<td>Shevagyachi Shenga</td>
<td>Nuggekaayi</td></tr>
<tr class="”alt”">
<td>Field Beans</td>
<td>Val</td>
<td>Val</td>
<td>Avrekai</td></tr>
<tr class="”alt”">
<td>Gherkins</td>
<td>Tendli</td>
<td>Tondali</td>
<td>Thondekaayi</td></tr>
<tr class="”alt”">
<td>Green Beans/ French Beans</td>
<td>Fansi Beans</td>
<td>French Beans/Farasbee/Shravan Ghevada</td>
<td>Huralikaayi</td></tr>
<tr class="”alt”">
<td>Green Onions sprout</td>
<td>Hara Pyaz</td>
<td>Kandapaat</td>
<td>Irulli Kaavu</td></tr>
<tr class="”alt”">
<td>Green Peas</td>
<td>Matar</td>
<td>Matar</td>
<td>Hasi Batani</td></tr>
<tr class="”alt”">
<td>Ivy Gourd - Tindora</td>
<td>Kunduri, Tondli</td>
<td>Tondle</td>
<td>Thondekaayi</td></tr>
<tr class="”alt”">
<td>Knolkol</td>
<td>Gathgobi, knolkol</td>
<td>Navalkol</td>
<td>Navil kosu</td></tr>
<tr class="”alt”">
<td>Ladies Finger (Okra)</td>
<td>Bhindi</td>
<td>Bhendi</td>
<td>Bendekaayi</td></tr>
<tr class="”alt”">
<td>Mushrooms</td>
<td>Khumb , Guchhi, Goochi</td>
<td>Mushrooms, Khumb</td>
<td>Anabe</td></tr>
<tr class="”alt”">
<td>Plantain</td>
<td>Kachcha Kela</td>
<td>Keela cha khood (not sure about it)</td>
<td>Baalekaayi</td></tr>
<tr class="”alt”">
<td>Potato</td>
<td>Aloo</td>
<td>Batata</td>
<td>Aloogedde</td></tr>
<tr class="”alt”">
<td>Pumpkin</td>
<td>Kaddu</td>
<td>Lal bhopla</td>
<td>Kumbalakaayi</td></tr>
<tr class="”alt”">
<td>Radish</td>
<td>Mooli</td>
<td>Mula</td>
<td>Moolangi</td></tr>
<tr class="”alt”">
<td>Radish Pods</td>
<td>Mungre, moongre, mooli pods</td>
<td>Dingari, mulyachya shenga</td>
<td>Mulangi saang</td></tr>
<tr class="”alt”">
<td>Ridge Gourd</td>
<td>Taroi</td>
<td>Dhodka</td>
<td>Hirekaayi</td></tr>
<tr class="”alt”">
<td>Snake Gourd</td>
<td>-</td>
<td>Padwal</td>
<td>Padvalkaayi</td></tr>
<tr class="”alt”">
<td>Sweet Potato</td>
<td>Shakarkand</td>
<td>Ratali</td>
<td>Gensu</td></tr>
<tr class="”alt”">
<td>Tapioca</td>
<td>Simla Aloo</td>
<td>-</td>
<td>Genasu</td></tr>
<tr class="”alt”">
<td>Turnip</td>
<td>Shalgam</td>
<td>-</td>
<td>Navilkosu</td></tr>
<tr class="”alt”">
<td>Water Chestnuts</td>
<td>Shingara</td>
<td>Shingada</td>
<td>Shingara</td></tr>
<tr class="”alt”">
<td>Yam</td>
<td>Suran</td>
<td>Suran</td>
<td>Surangadde</td></tr>
<tr class="”alt”">
<td>Zucchini</td>
<td>Tori</td>
<td>-</td>
<td>-</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
<div class="nobrtable">
Updated Based on comments. :) This is list of vegetables available in India only. If I am missing anything, kindly add the comments. Thanks</div>
Unknownnoreply@blogger.com29tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-38777558.post-71443259006763050012012-12-20T08:36:00.000+05:302015-06-22T10:16:52.239+05:30Grains & Pulses names in English, Hindi, Marathi and KannadaGrains & Pulses names in English, Hindi, Marathi and Kannada. Many names are missing. If anyone knows about them or any corrections required in existing data, kindly let me know. <style type="text/css">.nobrtable br { display: none } tr {text-align: center;} tr.alt td {background-color: #eeeecc; color: black;} tr {text-align: center;} caption {caption-side:bottom;} </style><br />
<div class="nobrtable">
<table border="2" bordercolor="#0033FF" cellpadding="3" cellspacing="0" style="background-color: lightslategrey; color: white;"><caption><b>Grains & Pulses</b></caption><tbody>
<tr style="background-color: lightsteelblue; color: steelblue; padding-bottom: 4px; padding-top: 5px;"><th>English</th><th>Hindi</th><th>Marathi</th><th>Kannada</th></tr>
<tr class="”alt”"><td>Barley</td><td>-</td><td>Jav</td><td>-</td></tr>
<tr class="”alt”"><td>Buck Wheat</td><td>-</td><td>Kuttu</td><td>-</td></tr>
<tr class="”alt”"><td>Corn</td><td>Makkai</td><td>Maka</td><td>Musakina Jola</td></tr>
<tr class="”alt”"><td>Cow Peas - Long Beans</td><td>Lobia</td><td>Chawli</td><td>Alsande</td></tr>
<tr class="”alt”"><td>Finger millet </td><td>Raagi</td><td>Nachani</td><td>Raagi</td></tr>
<tr class="”alt”"><td>Flax /common flax / linseed</td><td>Alsi</td><td>Jawas</td><td>-</td></tr>
<tr class="”alt”"><td>Foxtail millet</td><td>-</td><td>-</td><td>Navane </td></tr>
<tr class="”alt”"><td>Kidney Beans</td><td>Rajma</td><td>Rajma</td><td>-</td></tr>
<tr class="”alt”"><td>Maize</td><td>-</td><td>Maka</td><td>-</td></tr>
<tr class="”alt”"><td>Oats</td><td>Jau</td><td>Jau</td><td>-</td></tr>
<tr class="”alt”"><td>Pearl millet</td><td>Bajra</td><td>Bajri</td><td>-</td></tr>
<tr class="”alt”"><td>Red Gram, Pigeon Pea</td><td>Arhar Dal</td><td>Tur Dal</td><td>Togari Bele</td></tr>
<tr class="”alt”"><td>Red Lentils</td><td>Masoor Dal</td><td>Masur Dal</td><td>Masur Bele</td></tr>
<tr class="”alt”"><td>Rice</td><td>-</td><td>Tandool</td><td>-</td></tr>
<tr class="”alt”"><td>Rice (Boiled)</td><td>-</td><td>Ukda Tandool</td><td>-</td></tr>
<tr class="”alt”"><td>Rice (Pressed)</td><td>-</td><td>Pohe</td><td>-</td></tr>
<tr class="”alt”"><td>Rice (Puffed)</td><td>-</td><td>Murmure</td><td>-</td></tr>
<tr class="”alt”"><td>Semolina (Wheat middlings)</td><td>Suji</td><td>Rawa</td><td>Rawa</td></tr>
<tr class="”alt”"><td>Sorghum/durra/Jowar</td><td>Jowar</td><td>Jwaarie</td><td>Jola/Jondhahlaa</td></tr>
<tr class="”alt”"><td>Wheat</td><td>-</td><td>Gahu</td><td>-</td></tr>
<tr class="”alt”"><td>Wheat Flour Refined</td><td>Maida</td><td>Maida</td><td>Maida Hittu</td></tr>
<tr class="”alt”"><td>Wheat Flour Whole</td><td>Atta</td><td>Kaneek</td><td>-</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
<div class="nobrtable">
Updates:- Updates based on comments. </div>
<div class="nobrtable">
In Hindi the word "rai" means mustard seeds, not "Rye". There is no word for Rye in hindi, marathi and Kannada as it is not natural to India or being used in India since ancient times. So it is called Rye only in Hindi.</div>
Unknownnoreply@blogger.com29tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-38777558.post-12125015659101476852012-12-14T09:28:00.000+05:302015-11-05T14:38:28.599+05:30Fruit names in English, Hindi, Marathi and KannadaFruit names in English, Hindi, Marathi and Kannada. Many translations are missing. If anyone knows the missing translations, kindly do let me know.
<style type="text/css">.nobrtable br { display: none } tr {text-align: center;} tr.alt td {background-color: #eeeecc; color: black;} tr {text-align: center;} caption {caption-side:bottom;} </style><br />
<div class="nobrtable">
<table border="2" bordercolor="#0033FF" cellpadding="3" cellspacing="0" style="background-color: lightslategrey; color: white;"><caption><b>Fruits</b></caption><tbody>
<tr style="background-color: lightsteelblue; color: steelblue; padding-bottom: 4px; padding-top: 5px;">
<th>English</th><th>Hindi</th><th>Marathi</th><th>Kannada</th></tr>
<tr class="”alt”">
<td>Avocado</td><td>Makhanphal</td><td>-</td><td>Butterfruit</td></tr>
<tr class="”alt”">
<td>Apple</td><td>Seb</td><td>Safarchand</td><td>Sebu</td></tr>
<tr class="”alt”">
<td>Apricot</td><td>Khubani </td><td>Jaradaalu </td><td>Jaradaalu </td></tr>
<tr class="”alt”">
<td>Asian Pear</td><td>Nashpati</td><td>Nashpati</td><td>Mar Sebu</td></tr>
<tr class="”alt”">
<td>Bael / Bengal quince / Stone apple *</td><td>Bel</td><td>Bael / Maredu </td><td>Belada Hannu/ Bilvapatre </td></tr>
<tr class="”alt”">
<td>Bahera / Beleric *^</td><td>vibhīdaka / Bibhitaki</td><td>Behada </td><td>-</td></tr>
<tr class="”alt”">
<td>Banana ^</td><td>Kela</td><td>Keela</td><td>Baale Hannu</td></tr>
<tr class="”alt”">
<td>Bignay *</td><td>Himalcheri </td><td>Amati </td><td>-</td></tr>
<tr class="”alt”">
<td>Bilimbi</td><td>Bilimbi</td><td>Bilambi </td><td>-</td></tr>
<tr class="”alt”">
<td>Breadfruit</td><td>Bakri-chajhar</td><td>Nirphanas </td><td>Gujjekai </td></tr>
<tr class="”alt”">
<td>Buddha’s hand *</td><td>-</td><td>-</td><td>-</td></tr>
<tr class="”alt”">
<td>Burmese Grapes</td><td>Leteku </td><td>-</td><td>-</td></tr>
<tr class="”alt”">
<td>Black Currant</td><td>Munakka</td><td>Kāḷyā Munakka</td><td>-</td></tr>
<tr class="”alt”">
<td>Black berry</td><td>-</td><td>-</td><td>-</td></tr>
<tr class="”alt”">
<td>Bullocks Heart</td><td>Ramphal</td><td>Ramphal</td><td>Ramphal</td></tr>
<tr class="”alt”">
<td>Camachile</td><td>Jangal Jalebi</td><td>Vilayatichinch </td><td>Seeme hunase</td></tr>
<tr class="”alt”">
<td>Cannonball Fruit ^</td><td>Nagalinga, tope gola</td><td>Shivalingam</td><td>Lingada mara</td></tr>
<tr class="”alt”">
<td>Cantaloupe (Muskmelon)</td><td>Kharbooja</td><td>Tarbooj</td><td>Kharbooja</td></tr>
<tr class="”alt”">
<td>Cape Gooseberry/Goldenberry</td><td>Macao, Tepariyo, Tipari </td><td>Popti, chirbot, phopati </td><td>Budde hanu, doddabudd</td></tr>
<tr class="”alt”">
<td>Carambola/Star fruit ^</td><td>kamrakh</td><td>karambal</td><td>karambal-drakshi or kaparakshi hannu</td></tr>
<tr class="”alt”">
<td>Karonda / Carissa congesta *</td><td>Karaunda</td><td>Karawand/kali maina</td><td>kauLi hannu</td></tr>
<tr class="”alt”">
<td>Cashew Apple</td><td>Kaju </td><td>Kaju Phal</td><td>Godambi, Geru</td></tr>
<tr class="”alt”">
<td>Chitra / Indian barberry *</td><td>Chitra</td><td>-</td><td>-</td></tr>
<tr class="”alt”">
<td>Citrifolia ^</td><td>Bartundi </td><td>Nagakunda </td><td>Tagase maddi</td></tr>
<tr class="”alt”">
<td>Citron *^</td><td>Bara nimbu, bijaura, kutla</td><td>Mahalungi </td><td>Rusakam </td></tr>
<tr class="”alt”">
<td>Cochin goraka/ False Mangosteen *^</td><td>Jharambi, tamal, tumul</td><td>Bhavishya </td><td>Devajarige </td></tr>
<tr class="”alt”">
<td>Coconut *</td><td>Nariyal</td><td>Naral</td><td>Kaayi</td></tr>
<tr class="”alt”">
<td>Custard Apple/ Sugar Apple ^</td><td>Śarīphā</td><td>Sītāphaḷa</td><td>Kasṭarḍ sēbu/Sitapala</td></tr>
<tr class="”alt”">
<td>Date</td><td>Khajur, sendhi</td><td>Kharik, kharjur, shinda</td><td>Ichalu, kharjura</td></tr>
<tr class="”alt”">
<td>Downy Myrtle *^</td><td>Baragasha, murad, vilayati mehndi</td><td>Firangimethi, murt</td><td>Murukulu gida</td></tr>
<tr class="”alt”">
<td>Elephant Apple</td><td>Chalta, karambel</td><td>-</td><td>Betkanagalu</td></tr>
<tr class="”alt”">
<td>European Pear </td><td>Babugosha</td><td>-</td><td>-</td></tr>
<tr class="”alt”">
<td>Fig</td><td>Annjeer</td><td>Anjeer</td><td>Anjoora</td></tr>
<tr class="”alt”">
<td>Grapefruit/Pomelo **</td><td>Cakōtarā</td><td>Papnasa</td><td>Chakotha Hannu</td></tr>
<tr class="”alt”">
<td>Grapes</td><td>Angoor</td><td>Draksha</td><td>Dhraakshi</td></tr>
<tr class="”alt”">
<td>Green Mango</td><td>Kachcha Aam</td><td>Kairi</td><td>Mavina Kaayi</td></tr>
<tr class="”alt”">
<td>Grewia asiatica *</td><td>Phalsa</td><td>Phalsa/Falsa</td><td>Phulsa </td></tr>
<tr class="”alt”">
<td>Guava</td><td>Amrud</td><td>Peru</td><td>Seebe Hannu</td></tr>
<tr class="”alt”">
<td>Harendong</td><td>Kamini, shapti</td><td>Rindha, palore</td><td>Ankerki, kinkerika</td></tr>
<tr class="”alt”">
<td>Indian Almond / Bengal almond</td><td>Jaṅgalī bādāma</td><td>Jaṅgalī bādāma</td><td>-</td></tr>
<tr class="”alt”">
<td>Indian gooseberry /Gooseberries *</td><td>Amla</td><td>Awala</td><td>Nellikaayi</td></tr>
<tr class="”alt”">
<td>Indian Plum / Flacourtia/ Indian cherry/ Coffee plum/ Vikankata *</td><td>Kancu, paniyala, bilangra</td><td>-</td><td>Llumanika, dodda gejjalaka</td></tr>
<tr class="”alt”">
<td>Jack Fruit *</td><td>Kathal</td><td>Fanas</td><td>Halasin Hannu</td></tr>
<tr class="”alt”">
<td>Jambul/ Jamun *</td><td>Jamun</td><td>Jambhul</td><td>kempu Nerale Hannu</td></tr>
<tr class="”alt”">
<td>Jam berry / Jamfruit</td><td>-</td><td>Paanchara </td><td>Gasagase hannina mara</td></tr>
<tr class="”alt”">
<td>Jujube/ Indian jujube/ Ber</td><td>baer</td><td>bor</td><td>Yelchi Hannu</td></tr>
<tr class="”alt”">
<td>Kiwi fruit</td><td>-</td><td>Kedu</td><td>-</td></tr>
<tr class="”alt”">
<td>Kokum *</td><td>Kokum</td><td>Kokum</td><td>Murgina, punarpuli</td></tr>
<tr class="”alt”">
<td>Lakoocha /Lakuchi / Monkey Jack *</td><td>Barhal </td><td>Naka-renu</td><td>-</td></tr>
<tr class="”alt”">
<td>Lemon *</td><td>Nimbu </td><td>Limbu </td><td>-</td></tr>
<tr class="”alt”">
<td>Ling nut / water chestnut / Water caltrop ^</td><td>singhada</td><td>singada</td><td>-</td></tr>
<tr class="”alt”">
<td>Lychee</td><td>Lychee</td><td>Lychee</td><td>-</td></tr>
<tr class="”alt”">
<td>Malabar Plum</td><td>-</td><td>-</td><td>-</td></tr>
<tr class="”alt”">
<td>Mango *^</td><td>Aam</td><td>Amba</td><td>Mavina Hannu</td></tr>
<tr class="”alt”">
<td>Marany nut *</td><td>Bhallaataka</td><td>Bhallaataka</td><td>-</td></tr>
<tr class="”alt”">
<td>Mowha *^</td><td>Mahua </td><td>-</td><td>-</td></tr>
<tr class="”alt”">
<td>Myrobalan / Haritaki*^</td><td>harra</td><td>hirda </td><td>alale</td></tr>
<tr class="”alt”">
<td>Mysore Raspberry *</td><td>-</td><td>-</td><td>-</td></tr>
<tr class="”alt”">
<td>Mulberry **</td><td>Chinni, shahtut, tutri </td><td>Tuti</td><td>-</td></tr>
<tr class="”alt”">
<td>Orange **</td><td>Santra</td><td>Santra</td><td>Kittale Hannu</td></tr>
<tr class="”alt”">
<td>Papaya</td><td>Papita</td><td>Popeye</td><td>Parangi Hannu/ </td></tr>
<tr class="”alt”">
<td>Peach / Nectarine </td><td>Peach/ adoo/ Āḍū</td><td>Peach/ adoo/ Āḍū</td><td>-</td></tr>
<tr class="”alt”">
<td>Pineapple</td><td>Ananas</td><td>Ananas</td><td>Ananas</td></tr>
<tr class="”alt”">
<td>Plum</td><td>Aloobukara</td><td>AlbuKhar</td><td>Plum</td></tr>
<tr class="”alt”">
<td>Pomegranate *^</td><td>Anar</td><td>Dalimba</td><td>Dhalimbe Hannu</td></tr>
<tr class="”alt”">
<td>Rose Apple / Java Apple/ Bell fruit</td><td>Jamrul, amrool </td><td>-</td><td>-</td></tr>
<tr class="”alt”">
<td>Sapote</td><td>Chikku</td><td>Chikku</td><td>Sapota</td></tr>
<tr class="”alt”">
<td>Star Gooseberry</td><td>Harfarauri </td><td>Harpharori </td><td>-</td></tr>
<tr class="”alt”">
<td>Strawberry</td><td>Rasbhari </td><td>Strawberry</td><td>-</td></tr>
<tr class="”alt”">
<td>Sweet Lime **</td><td>Musambi</td><td>Mosambi</td><td>-</td></tr>
<tr class="”alt”">
<td>Tamarind ^</td><td>imli</td><td>Chincha</td><td>-</td></tr>
<tr class="”alt”">
<td>Toddy Palm/Sugar palm fruit / Palm fruit/ Nungu *</td><td>Tari </td><td>Tadgola</td><td>Tale Hannu</td></tr>
<tr class="”alt”">
<td>Tomato</td><td>Tamatar</td><td>Tomato</td><td>Tomato</td></tr>
<tr class="”alt”">
<td>Watermelon ^</td><td>Tarbooj (Kalingad)</td><td>Kalingad</td><td>Kallangadi Hannu</td></tr>
<tr class="”alt”">
<td>Wood Apple *^</td><td>Kaitha / Kath Bel / Kabeet</td><td>Kavath</td><td>Byalada Hannu / balulada hannu</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
</br>
* - Origin in India/India subcontinent. </br>
** - Origin in area belonging to Indian subcontinent and bordering regions. </br>
^ - Present in India for more than 2500 years. Reference to fruits found in ancient Sanskrit documents, AyurVeda, Archealogical findings. </br>
Unknownnoreply@blogger.com18tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-38777558.post-41143201155942197142012-12-11T09:50:00.001+05:302012-12-11T10:48:52.088+05:30Dry Fruits and Nuts names in English, Hindi, Marathi and KannadaUpdating after long time, lost touch with the blog. Now rebooting the blog again with some Gyan I collected over last 4 years. Moverd over from C++ to C# and now coming back to C++. But first, I will start with post on food :)<br />
<br />
Been in Bangalore for past 4 years, so started learning kannada words. Most essential words required generally are related to food items. Now Bangalore is cosmopolitan city, so folks here understand English and Hindi pretty well. However when it comes to local vegetable sellers who come from neighbouring villages to sell their goods, it becomes quite a challenge. <br />
<br />
So next few posts, I am going to give translations of names of food items in english, marathi, hindi and kannada in english alphabets.<br />
<br />
Most data is obtained by googling, different blogs, reciepe sites, wikipedia and my friends inputs. Do let me know in case of any errors.<br />
<style type="text/css">.nobrtable br { display: none } tr {text-align: center;} tr.alt td {background-color: #eeeecc; color: black;} tr {text-align: center;} caption {caption-side:bottom;} </style><br />
<div class="nobrtable">
<table border="2" bordercolor="#0033FF" cellpadding="3" cellspacing="0" style="background-color: lightslategrey; color: white;"><caption><b>Dry Fruits and Nuts</b></caption><tbody>
<tr style="background-color: lightsteelblue; color: steelblue; padding-bottom: 4px; padding-top: 5px;"><th>English</th><th>Hindi<br />
<br /></th><th>Marathi</th><th>Kannada</th></tr>
<tr class="”alt”"><td>Almond</td><td>Badam</td><td>Badam</td><td>Badami</td></tr>
<tr><td>Cashew Nuts</td><td>Kaju</td><td>Kaju</td><td>Godambi</td></tr>
<tr class="”alt”"><td>Dates</td><td>Khajoor</td><td>Khajoor</td><td>Khajoora</td></tr>
<tr><td>Peanut, Groundnut</td><td>Moong-Phali</td><td>Sheng Dana</td><td>Kadale Kaayi</td></tr>
<tr><td>Pistachio</td><td>Pista</td><td>Pista</td><td>Pista</td></tr>
<tr><td>Raisins</td><td>Kismish</td><td>Bedana/Manuka</td><td>Vana Drakshi</td></tr>
<tr><td>Walnuts</td><td>Akhrot</td><td>Akrod</td><td>Acrota</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
<br />
Coming next, "Fruits"<br />
<br />Unknownnoreply@blogger.com9tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-38777558.post-78591340049408179702012-12-11T09:43:00.001+05:302012-12-11T09:43:16.895+05:30Dynamic Variable Names in C++I had this post created some 5 years back, but never published it. Not sure if this is exact repost of content of other site or data collected by me from various sites and composed. Posting it as it is very interesting. If anyone has information about original website/blog, do let me know. We use a custom language based on Lua in our product development. One of the important features of Lua is no variable distinction for the scripting language user. Meaning is a variable is currently pointing to a integer value, in the next step it can be made to point to a char * (string) value. <br />
<br />
And more amazing feature is, suppose you got a variable say abc which points to integer value 10. Now what one can do is call a function which will give value pointed to by the variable whose name is same as the string value being passed to the function, say <br />
<br />
process_string(“abc”). <br />
<br />
The process_string function will return the value 10.<br />
<br />
It always made me wonder how achieved this because one cannot create dynamic variable names in C++, which scripting languages allow.<br />
<br />
When a C++/C code is compiled, it loses its symbol base identification. This is because C++ uses a static compilation and linkage translation model and has very limited runtime support. So one cannot create Dynamic Variable Names in C/C++ directly which is possible in script like languages such as PHP - or those that have their own runtime system such as Java with the Java Virtual Machine (JVM) or .NET languages with the Common Language Runtime (CLR). <br />
<br />
This allows C++ (like C) to be used in situations where you would not have such a runtime system available - operating systems or a JVM or CLR implementation for example. On the other hand this does mean you have these sorts of limitations.<br />
<br />
In your case the way forward is to create an object (or variable if you prefer) dynamically at runtime using new (and destroy it using delete of course)<br />
<br />
To create Dynamic Variable Names you need to create dynamic memory and store in a map in format of stringName, value pair/pointer.<br />
<br />
That is what lua does. That’s why u can do process_string in lua. When you create a variable say local a = 10,<br />
a (string “a”, new int() = 10) gets stored in it’s internal map.<br />
<br />
<br />
Example<br />
You can create an object (or variable if you prefer) dynamically at runtime using new and destroy it using delete of course<br />
<br />
<pre style="font-family: Verdana, sans serif;">
double * pointer_to_double( new double(value) );</pre>
<br />
<br />
If the new operation fails - e.g. due to lack of memory during program execution - then new throws a std::bad_alloc which you can catch and handle either directly or in some outer calling function:<br />
<pre style="font-family: Verdana, sans serif;">
double * pointer_to_double(0);
try
{
pointer_to_double = new double(value);
}
catch ( std::bad_alloc & )
{
// Handle allocation failure
}</pre>
<br />
I shall ignore error handling concerns for the purposes of demonstration from here on in, however this does not mean that your production code should not handle such conditions.<br />
<br />
Now to the do it yourself part. You can create the objects you wish on the fly at runtime, but you also need to associate them with a name string. You can do this using some sort of key,value mapping in which the key is the name string and the value is the (pointer to the) object. You can use std::map<std::string double="double"> to achieve this:<br /><pre style="font-family: Verdana, sans serif;">
#include “string”
#include “map”
// I cant add the brackets symbols in typesetting this html page.
// That’s why I have replaced brackets in include with “
namespace
{
std::map<std::string double="double"> gDblVarMap;
}
MakeVariable( std::string const & var, double val)
{
double * pDbl( new double(val) );
gDblVarMap.insert( var, pDbl );
}</std::string></pre>
<br />I have left out checking for such things as ensuring the variable does not exist already and that the name is valid (e.g. not empty, only contains alphanumeric characters or underscore, first character not numeric). <br /><br />I have defined a global map of strings keys and double pointer values in an anonymous namespace - which means that other source modules cannot access gDblVarMap even though it is global and has external linkage.<br /><br />I also tidied up your function signature - passing the string by reference to a constant string rather than passing a copy of the string.<br /><br />You will find that you will have to add other services - to access the variables for example:<br /><br />double GetDouble( std::string const & varName );<br /><br />Which might throw if the name did not match an existing variable, or you could use something like:<br /><br />bool GetDouble( std::string const & varName, double & value );<br /><br />Which returns a true value if the variable value is found or false if not.<br /><br />You will also require some means to tidy up when you wish to destroy a variable - which will remove the variable from the map and explicitly delete the double. You will also require an operation to do this for all existing variables in the map.<br /><br />Doing these sort of things suggests using a class to associate the data (e.g. the variable map) with the operations (e.g. MakeVariable):<br /><pre style="font-family: Verdana, sans serif;">
class Doubles
{
public:
~Doubles();
void Add( std::string const & varName, double value );
bool Get(std::string const & varName, double & value );
bool Delete( std::string const & varName );
private:
typedef std::map<std::string double="double"> DblVarMapType;
DblVarMapType iMap;
};</std::string></pre>
<br /><br />~Doubles() is a destructor and should iterate through the map keys calling Delete to both remove each variable from the map and to delete it.<br /><br />You could use the Doubles class like this:<br /><pre style="font-family: Verdana, sans serif;">
// GlobalDefs.cpp
Doubles gDblVars;
// Module1.cpp
// ...
gDblVars.Add( "double1", 1.1);
// ...
// Module2.cpp
// ...
double value(0.0);
if ( gDblsVars.Get( "double1, value ) )
{
// use value
}
else
{
// handle non-existent variable
}
// ...</pre>
<br /><br />Although the use of global variables should not be encouraged of course. So making Doubles a singleton class - if you only wish there to _ever_ be one set of double variables in you program may be preferable - or use it in the creation of a singleton object (either as a sub-type of Doubles or containing a Doubles instance) or even just a function that returns an instance of a Doubles:<br /><pre style="font-family: Verdana, sans serif;">
Doubles & GlobalDoublesInstance()
{
static Doubles variables;
return variables;
}</pre>
<br />One way to implement Doubles as a singleton is to add a static instance member function and declare (and define) a private constructor:<br /><pre style="font-family: Verdana, sans serif;">
class Doubles
{
public:
static Doubles & Instance();
~Doubles();
void Add( std::string const & varName, double value );
bool Get(std::string const & varName, double & value );
bool Delete( std::string const & varName );
private:
typedef std::map<std::string double="double"> DblVarMapType;
DblVarMapType iMap;
// private constructor:
Doubles() {}
};</std::string></pre>
<br />Making the constructor private prevents anything other than Doubles members from creating Doubles instances. In this case the member that does so is the static Instance member - which is implemented just like the previous GlobalDoublesInstance example. You then access the double variables like so:<br /><br />Doubles::Instance().Add( "double1", 1.1);<br /><br />Finally, all this has come straight out of my head so there is no guarantee that the examples a typo free - or do not contain other errors (although I did read it back before posting to you!).<br /><br />Overnight I realised that I forgot to correct one of those errors I mentioned might creep in.<br /><br />The insert operation of std::map<> classes in the form we want takes a single parameter of a std::pair type – in which the first member is the key and the second the value. So my example MakeVariable function should look like:<br /><pre style="font-family: Verdana, sans serif;">
#include “string”
#include “map”
#include “utility”
void MakeVariable( std::string const & var, double val)
{
double * pDbl( new double(val) );
gDblVarMap.insert( std::make_pair(var, pDbl) );
}</pre>
<br />I also missed adding void as the return type – which is C and C++ speak for no returned value – i.e. the function is what might in other languages be called a procedure. This oddity came about as C originally assumed that any function that did not specify a return type returned an int value.<br /><br />Note the use of the C++ library function template std::make_pair<>() to turn the two separate parameter values into a single std::pair<> value – in fact the std::pair<> type is std::pair<std::string double="double"> - the key and value types of the map, std::pair is <> a template (like a lot of the C++ standard library, including std::map<> and std::basic_string).</std::string></std::string><br />
<br />
<a href="http://essentiallyunessential.blogspot.in/2008/06/hungarian-notation.html">Programming Ring - Old Post</a>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-38777558.post-9286619788930696152009-03-30T13:02:00.000+05:302012-12-11T10:03:35.148+05:30Great quotes by comedians"If you ever see me getting beaten by the police, put down the <br />
video camera and come help me."<br />
--Bobcat Goldthwait<br />
<br />
"I've been doing the Fonda workout: the Peter Fonda workout. That's <br />
where I wake up, take a hit of acid, smoke a joint, and run to my <br />
sister's house and ask her for money."<br />
--Kevin Meaney<br />
<br />
"My mom said she learned how to swim. Someone took her out in the lake <br />
and threw her off the boat. That's how she learned how to swim. I said,<br />
'Mom, they weren't trying to teach you how to swim.' "<br />
--Paula Poundstone<br />
<br />
"In elementary school, in case of fire you have to line up quietly in a<br />
single file line from smallest to tallest. What is the logic? Do tall<br />
people burn slower?"<br />
--Warren Hutcherson<br />
<br />
"I have six locks on my door all in a row. When I go out, I lock every<br />
other one. I figure no matter how long somebody stands there picking the<br />
locks, they are always locking three."<br />
--Elayne Boosler<br />
<br />
"Ever wonder if illiterate people get the full effect of alphabet soup?"<br />
--John Mendoza<br />
<br />
"Today I met with a subliminal advertising executive for just a second."<br />
--Steven Wright<br />
<br />
"Relationships are hard. It's like a full-time job, and we should treat <br />
it like one. If your boyfriend or girlfriend wants to leave you, they <br />
should give you two weeks' notice. There should beseverance pay, and <br />
before they leave you, they should have to find you a temp."<br />
--Bob Ettinger<br />
<br />
"A study in the Washington Post says that women have better verbal skills<br />
than men. I just want to say to the authors of that study: Duh."<br />
--Conan O'Brien<br />
<br />
"I haven't taken my Christmas lights down. They look so nice on the<br />
pumpkin."<br />
--Winston Spear<br />
<br />
"Did you ever walk in a room and forget why you walked in? I think that's<br />
how dogs spend their lives."<br />
--Sue Murphy<br />
<br />
"My grandfather's a little forgetful, but he likes to give me advice. One<br />
day, he took me aside and left me there."<br />
--Ron Richards<br />
<br />
"I worry that the person who thought up Muzak may be thinking up <br />
something else."<br />
--Lily Tomlin<br />
<br />
"USA Today has come out with a new survey: Apparently three out of four<br />
people make up 75 percent of the population."<br />
--David Letterman<br />
<br />
"Chihuahua. There's a waste of dog food. Looks like a dog that is still<br />
far away."<br />
--Billiam Coronell<br />
<br />
"I was a vegetarian until I started leaning towards sunlight."<br />
--Rita Rudner<br />
<br />
"I always wanted to be somebody, but I should have been more specific."<br />
--Lily Tomlin<br />
<br />
"The Swiss have an interesting army. Five hundred years without a war.<br />
Pretty impressive. Also pretty lucky for them. Ever see that little <br />
Swiss Army knife they have to fight with? Not much of a weapon there. <br />
Corkscrews. Bottle openers. 'Come on, buddy, let's go. You get past me,<br />
the guy in back of me, he's got a spoon. Back off. I've got the toe <br />
clippers right here.'"<br />
--Jerry Seinfeld<br />
<br />
"I planted some bird seed. A bird came up. Now I don't know what to feed<br />
it."<br />
--Steven Wright<br />
<br />
"I don't kill flies but I like to mess with their minds. I hold them <br />
above globes. They freak out and yell, 'Whoa, I'm way too high!' "<br />
--Bruce Baum<br />
<br />
"I met a new girl at a barbecue, very pretty, a blond I think. I don't<br />
know, her hair was on fire, and all she talked about was herself. You<br />
know these kind of girls: 'I'm hot. I'm on fire. Me, me, me.' You know.<br />
'Help me, put me out.' Come on, could we talk about me just a little <br />
bit?"<br />
--Garry Shandling<br />
<br />
"I think that's how Chicago got started. A bunch of people in New York<br />
said, 'Gee, I'm enjoying the crime and the poverty, but it just isn't <br />
cold enough. Let's go west.'"<br />
--Richard Jeni<br />
<br />
"Sometimes I think war is God's way of teaching us geography."<br />
--Paul Rodriguez<br />
<br />
"Why does Sea World have a seafood restaurant? I'm halfway through my<br />
fishburger and I realize, Oh my God....I could be eating a slow learner."<br />
--Lynda Montgomery<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<a href="http://essentiallyunessential.blogspot.in/2009/03/great-quotes-by-comedians.html">General Post Ring - Old Post</a>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-38777558.post-1113774807942142752009-03-04T09:36:00.001+05:302012-12-11T09:54:44.063+05:30Introduction to coin collectionFound this great article. Forgot the link. If anyone finds the original please send me the link so that I will put up the link on the blog.<br />
<br />
Coins old and new have a special attraction for many people, professionals as well as amateur hobbyists; Estimates of the number of active collectors worldwide range into the millions. Scholars regard coins as mirrors of history, studying coin portraits of contemporary Monarchs some famous, others scarcely known except for coins and the inscriptions and designs that often refer to important events. even analyzing the purity of the metal from which a coin was made can provide an insight into the economics of its time. amateur Collectors, often called Numismatists, enjoy coins for their beauty, their rarity, and the stories behind them. Added to this is the excitement of searching for and finding specific coins, or the challenge of identifying an unfamiliar item. Numismatists also enjoy arranging and displaying a collection. Most appealing of all, perhaps, is the possibility of finding rare coins for a bargain price and the hope that coins in a collection will in time increase in worth.<br />
<br />
The market value of any coin,that is, the price a dealer would charge for it, is determined by supply and demand, the available quantity of a coin and the number of collectors and degree of interest they have in owning it. Once a coin becomes recognized as a rarity, its value frequently increases every time it changes hands. A key element in the value of any coin is its state of preservation. A specimen in perfect condition, just as it left the mint, may be worth many times as much as the same coin in average used condition. Mutilation or damage greatly reduces the value of a coin. Collectors and dealers use a point system as well as a set of terms to describe the condition of coins: Uncirculated or Mint State (ms 70-60), about Uncirculated (au 55-50), Extremely Fine (ef 45-40), Very Fine (vf 30-20), Fine (f 12), Very Good (vg 8), and Good (g 4).<br />
<br />
Collectors are likely to start with coins of their own countries because of their availability. With this kind of collection, every date, mint mark, and variation in design is counted as a different coin; The goal is not only to acquire one of every variety issued but also continually to upgrade the condition of the coins already found. The number of coins to be found in circulation is, however, fairly restricted, and a collector must resort to trading or buying to fill in such a series.<br />
<br />
Another popular form of collecting is assembling types of older coins. Instead of trying to have a specimen of every date and variety of a series, the collector obtains a single coin to represent each "face different" series. This kind of collection is particularly interesting because every coin is different and has its own history.<br />
<br />
If a Numismatist turns to coins of other countries, many thousands of specimens become available. Series collections or type collections of any country that interests the collector can be formed. Specific dates and varieties of foreign coins are much harder to find even in dealers' stocks, so a Numismatist may try putting together a collection of one coin each of many different countries, or only commemorative coins.<br />
<br />
Topical or Thematic collecting has also become popular. In this kind of collection the coins are related to one another on the basis of their design and the people or objects shown. Animals, Plants, Ships, Maps, Buildings, and religious motifs are well represented on coins; By watching the new issues of the world for appropriate designs, additions to a collection can be made.<br />
<br />
When deciding on the purchase of expensive coins, collectors must do the same kind of research necessary for any other investment. The current market value for the item, how readily and for what kind of price it can be resold, and its potential appreciation must be determined. Above all the collector must be knowledgeable enough to know whether a coin is genuine, or must have confidence that the dealer does.<br />
<br />
Coin catalogs give some idea of current prices realized for various coins; Dealer advertisements in the special coin magazines and newspapers are, however, usually more up to date. Coin auctions are an important feature of the major Numismatic conventions. Catalogs of the items to be sold are issued ahead of time, and lists of the prices at which the items were sold can often be obtained afterward. Conventions may have tables where Numismatists can consider the offerings of many dealers. To assess future trends the collectors need to meet with other enthusiasts, perhaps by joining a local club.<br />
<br />
The most elegant way to display a coin collection is in a cabinet with pull-out trays. The most convenient way, on the other hand, is to use an album system with plastic pages that hold individual cardboard coin mounts. The best way to deal with large numbers of coins is to use small, standard-size coin envelopes filed in boxes. The same precautions taken for other valuables must be used to safeguard a coin collection.<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<a href="http://essentiallyunessential.blogspot.in/2009/02/hobby-of-kings-part-6.html">Coins Ring - Old Post</a>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-38777558.post-77474435956446054942009-02-09T19:18:00.001+05:302012-12-11T09:54:04.415+05:30Hobby Of Kings - Part 6This ends my articles about history of coins. Now I will start giving articles regarding actual coin collection and then show different coins which I have and their information.<br />
<br />
<span style="font-weight: bold;">References</span><br />
<br />
http://www.aboutcoincollecting.com/coinhistory.htm<br />
http://www.snible.org/coins/hn/lydia.html<br />
http://rg.ancients.info/lion/article.html<br />
http://www.coin-gallery.com/cgearlycoins.htm<br />
http://www.worldcoincatalog.com/Contents/Invention/invention.htm<br />
http://rg.ancients.info/lion/article.html<br />
http://www.snible.org/coins/hn/lydia.html<br />
<a href="http://www.calgarycoin.com/reference/china/china1.htm#heavy%20spade">http://www.calgarycoin.com/reference/china/china1.htm#heavy%20spade</a><br />
<br />
<br />
<a href="http://essentiallyunessential.blogspot.in/2009/03/introduction-to-coin-collection.html">Coins Ring - New Post</a><br />
<a href="http://essentiallyunessential.blogspot.in/2008/11/hobby-of-kings-part-5.html">Coins Ring - Old Post</a>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-38777558.post-31415679496989530492009-02-03T15:15:00.000+05:302012-12-11T10:04:28.569+05:30सागरा प्राण तळमळला - स्वातंत्र्यवीर सावरकर - Swatantryaveer SavarkarLyricist :Swatantryaveer Savarkar<br />
Music Director :Hridayanath Mangeshkar<br />
<br />
गीतकार :स्वातंत्र्यवीर सावरकर<br />
संगीतकार :पं. हृदयनाथ मंगेशकर<br />
<br />
<br />
ने मजसी ने परत मातृभूमीला, सागरा, प्राण तळमळला<br />
<br />
भूमातेच्या चरणतला तुज धूता, मी नित्य पाहीला होता<br />
मज वदलासी अन्य देशी चल जाऊ, सृष्टिची विविधता पाहू<br />
तइं जननीहृद् विरहशंकीतहि झाले, परि तुवां वचन तिज दिधले<br />
मार्गज्ञ स्वये मीच पृष्ठि वाहीन, त्वरि तया परत आणीन<br />
विश्र्वसलो या तव वचनी मी, जगद्नुभवयोगे बनुनी मी <br />
तव अधिक शक्त उद्धरणी मी, येईन त्वरे, कथुन सोडीले तिजला<br />
सागरा, प्राण तळमळला ...<br />
<br />
शुक पंजरी वा हिरण शिरावा पाशी, ही फसगत झाली तैसी<br />
भूविरह कसा सतत साहू या पुढती, दश दिशा तमोमय होती<br />
गुणसुमने मी वेचियली या भावे, की तिने सुगंधा घ्यावे<br />
जरि उद्धरणी, व्यय न तिच्या हो साचा, हा व्यर्थ भार विद्येचा<br />
ती आम्रवृक्षवत्सलता रे, नवकुसुमयुता त्या सुलता रे<br />
तो बाल गुलाब ही आता रे, फुलबाग मला, हाय, पारखा झाला<br />
सागरा, प्राण तळमळला ...<br />
<br />
नभि नक्षत्रे बहुत, एक परी प्यारा मज भरत भूमिचा तारा<br />
प्रसाद इथे भव्य, परी मज भारी आईची झोपडी प्यारी<br />
तिजवीण नको राज्य, मज प्रियसाचा वनवास तिच्या जरि वनीचा<br />
भुलविणे व्यर्थ हे आता रे, बहुजिवलग गमते चित्ता रे<br />
तुज सरित्पते जी सरिता रे, तद्विरहाची शपथ घालितो तुजला<br />
सागरा, प्राण तळमळला ...<br />
<br />
या फेनमिषें हससि निर्दया कैसा, का वचन भंगिसी ऐसा<br />
त्वत्स्वामित्वा सांप्रत जी मिरवीते, भिऊनि का आंग्ल भूमी ते<br />
मन्मातेला अबल म्हणुनि फसवीसी, मज विवासना ते देती<br />
तरि आंग्लभूमि भयभीता रे, अबला न माझी ही माता रे<br />
कथिल हे अगस्तिस आता रे, जो आचमनी एक क्षणी तुज प्याला<br />
सागरा, प्राण तळमळला ...<br />
<br />
<br />
<a href="http://essentiallyunessential.blogspot.in/2009/03/great-quotes-by-comedians.html">General Post Ring - New Post</a><br />
<a href="http://essentiallyunessential.blogspot.in/2008/11/when-mahatmas-cowards-erupt-in-fury-it.html">General Post Ring - Old Post</a>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-38777558.post-9635329645302456552008-11-27T12:23:00.002+05:302012-12-11T10:05:18.429+05:30When the Mahatma's cowards erupt in fury, it is hurt. It isn't terrorTook liberty of posting this article here. This is what foreigners are saying. Then why the Hell doesn't Congress Party of India (rather Indian Muslim League in disguise) wake up?. Or they really are Indian Muslim League. BJP should stand up and be counted as party of Hindus, for Hindus. Not be cowards. <br />
<br />
<span style="font-weight: bold;">When the Mahatma's cowards erupt in fury, it is hurt. It isn't terror. <br />Francois Gautier </span><br />
<br />
Is there such a thing as 'Hindu terrorism', as the arrest of Sadhvi Pragya Singh Thakur for the recent Malegaon blasts may tend to prove? Well, I guess I was asked to write this column because I am one of that rare breed of foreign correspondents—a lover of Hindus! A born Frenchman, Catholic-educated and non-Hindu, I do hope I'll be given some credit for my opinions, which are not the product of my parents' ideas, my education or my atavism, but garnered from 25 years of reporting in South Asia (for Le Journal de Geneve and Le Figaro). <br />
<br />
In the early 1980s, when I started freelancing in south India , doing photo features on kalaripayattu, the Ayyappa festival, or the Ayyanars, I slowly realised that the genius of this country lies in its Hindu ethos, in the true spirituality behind Hinduism. The average Hindu you meet in a million villages possesses this simple, innate spirituality and accepts your diversity, whether you are Christian or Muslim, Jain or Arab, French or Chinese. It is this Hinduness that makes the Indian Christian different from, say, a French Christian, or the Indian Muslim unlike a Saudi Muslim. I also learnt that Hindus not only believed that the divine could manifest itself at different times, under different names, using different scriptures (not to mention the wonderful avatar concept, the perfect answer to 21st century religious strife) but that they had also given refuge to persecuted minorities from across the world—Syrian Christians, Parsis, Jews, Armenians, and today, Tibetans. In 3,500 years of existence, Hindus have never militarily invaded another country, never tried to impose their religion on others by force or induced conversions. <br />
<br />
You cannot find anybody less fundamentalist than a Hindu in the world and it saddens me when I see the Indian and western press equating terrorist groups like Islamist SIMI, which blow up innocent civilians, with ordinary, angry Hindus who burn churches without killing anybody. We know also that most of these communal incidents often involve persons from the same groups—often Dalits and tribals—some of who have converted to Christianity and others not. <br />
<br />
However reprehensible the destruction of Babri Masjid, no Muslim was killed in the process; compare this to the 'vengeance' bombings of 1993 in Bombay , which wiped out hundreds of innocents, mostly Hindus. Yet the Babri Masjid destruction is often described by journalists as the more horrible act of the two. We also remember how Sharad Pawar, when he was chief minister of Maharashtra in 1993, lied about a bomb that was supposed to have gone off in a Muslim locality of Bombay . <br />
<br />
I have never been politically correct, but have always written what I have discovered while reporting. Let me then be straightforward about this so-called Hindu terror. Hindus, since the first Arab invasions, have been at the receiving end of terrorism, whether it was by Timur, who killed 1,00,000 Hindus in a single day in 1399, or by the Portuguese Inquisition which crucified Brahmins in Goa . Today, Hindus are still being targeted: there were one million Hindus in the Kashmir valley in 1900; only a few hundred remain, the rest having fled in terror.<br />
<br />
Blasts after blasts have killed hundreds of innocent Hindus all over India in the last four years. Hindus, the overwhelming majority community of this country, are being made fun of, are despised, are deprived of the most basic facilities for one of their most sacred pilgrimages in Amarnath while their government heavily sponsors the Haj. They see their brothers and sisters converted to Christianity through inducements and financial traps, see a harmless 84-year-old swami and a sadhvi brutally murdered. Their gods are blasphemed. <br />
<br />
So sometimes, enough is enough.At some point, after years or even centuries of submitting like sheep to slaughter, Hindus—whom the Mahatma once gently called cowards—erupt in uncontrolled fury. And it hurts badly. It happened in Gujarat . It happened in Jammu , then in Kandhamal, Mangalore, and Malegaon . It may happen again elsewhere. What should be understood is that this is a spontaneous revolution on the ground, by ordinary Hindus, without any planning from the political leadership. Therefore, the BJP, instead of acting embarrassed, should not disown those who choose other means to let their anguished voices be heard. <br />
<br />
There are about a billion Hindus, one in every six persons on this planet. They form one of the most successful, law-abiding and integrated communities in the world today. Can you call them terrorists? <br />
<span style="font-weight: bold;">(The writer is the editor-in-chief of the Paris-based La Revue de l'Inde.)</span><br />
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<br />
<a href="http://essentiallyunessential.blogspot.in/2009/02/swatantryaveer-savarkar.html">General Post Ring - New Post</a><br />
<a href="http://essentiallyunessential.blogspot.in/2008/08/veer-savarkar-hindutva-and-eradication.html">General Post Ring - Old Post</a>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-38777558.post-67328082320801000252008-11-06T19:42:00.003+05:302012-12-11T09:52:44.626+05:30Hobby Of Kings - Part 5<span style="font-weight: bold;">Coins in India before Mauryan Empire</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-weight: bold;">Pre-Coinage</span><br />
In the Rig Veda, the price of an image of Indra, which was being offered for sale, is said to be ten cows. In another passage, a sage is said to have refused to sell his image of Indra for a hundred, or a thousand, or even ten thousand cows. In a third passage, we are told that the Bharat army went out for war, impelled by the desire to acquire cows. Again, we find that Indra sent his messenger to recover his stolen treasure and treasure was nothing deals but cows. Similarly, in the Aitareya Brahmana, wealth is frequently estimated in terms of cows.<br />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiuPvhojYLPu1PP8wRrzTAHmtBE5_cqzPrdKjIWIWBAOCj5rm_T7oEFnyfiE38tpFRg0efbt0NAujUdtg_ilwgJ3x0MzNJdtVQmMBhPzt7lU-VR2H0sQTtPvPyjANPEl44KYeh4/s1600-h/bead+money.jpg" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5265101313657075746" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiuPvhojYLPu1PP8wRrzTAHmtBE5_cqzPrdKjIWIWBAOCj5rm_T7oEFnyfiE38tpFRg0efbt0NAujUdtg_ilwgJ3x0MzNJdtVQmMBhPzt7lU-VR2H0sQTtPvPyjANPEl44KYeh4/s400/bead+money.jpg" style="cursor: pointer; display: block; height: 222px; margin: 0px auto 10px; text-align: center; width: 400px;" /></a><br />
It was then; found that metal, which could not be destroyed easily and was handier, could be used as a stable medium of exchange. However, mere discovery of metal as a suitable medium could not serve the purpose. The problem was how to use metal. However, transactions involving metal were equally tedious as scales were required for every transaction. To overcome this difficulty metallic pieces of definite weight and value began to be used. In course of time, settlement of bargains on the basis of a particular weight and form became customary. <br />
<br />
The medium was required to be uniform in weight and size to serve the purpose of exchange. Consequently, balance was invented, and with it raised the need for a standard weight. Seeds were considered a suitable medium, as they were fairly uniform in weight and size. Metal was weighed against seeds and various kinds of seeds were introduced as standard weights in different regions, according to their availability.<br />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgdI2HgBs5L0yh2W1Imv4Tf6rNoU4C4Csk32leFTu3LKS5A_lfzAt-LxfbCgyw0wIqYPBiEufePlg0TrUvz8X9LBLPVXP0fdcuWH1gvlInJ1HbYCF2GK6BcrVcSswgysYygko3d/s1600-h/gunja.JPG" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5265101431638488018" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgdI2HgBs5L0yh2W1Imv4Tf6rNoU4C4Csk32leFTu3LKS5A_lfzAt-LxfbCgyw0wIqYPBiEufePlg0TrUvz8X9LBLPVXP0fdcuWH1gvlInJ1HbYCF2GK6BcrVcSswgysYygko3d/s400/gunja.JPG" style="cursor: pointer; display: block; height: 135px; margin: 0px auto 10px; text-align: center; width: 200px;" /></a><br />
In spite of the apparent uniformity in weight and size of ingots and metal sheets, or pieces made from them, there was no guarantee as to the quality of the metal. To obviate these difficulties, the practices of stamping the metallic pieces with a mark or device of a responsible authority as assign of guarantee were introduced in many countries. This led to the birth of the coin.<br />
<br />
<span style="font-weight: bold;">Coin System</span><br />
<br />
Ancient Indian coinage was based on `Karshapana' unit that consists of 32 rattis (3.3 grams of silver). A `Ratti' is equivalent to 0.11 gms which is the average weight of a Gunja seed (a bright scarlet colored seed). Subsidiary denominations of Karshapana like half Karshapana (16 ratti), quarter Karshapana (8 ratti) and 1/8 of Karshapana (4 ratti) were also minted. <br />
<br />
Panini, Sanskrit grammarian ( c500 BCE) in his treatise Astdhyayi wrote about coins and various fractions suggesting that the concept of coins existed prior to 500 BCE. He mentioned Satamanas (sata= 100, manas = units) and Karshapana ( subfraction). Each unit was called "Ratti" weighing 0.11 grams. Ratti was average weight of a Gunja seed (a bright red seed with a black tip - see the picture below). He has also mentioned Satamana, Nishkas, Sana, Vimastika, Karshapana and it's various sub-divisions as coins. There is a sutra that illustrate that metallic pieces were stamped (ahata) with rupa (symbols). it appears that during his time stamped metallic pieces had become contemporary and that along with the unstamped metallic and were concomitantly current. In the Ashtadhyayi, coins are also called karshapna and sana.<br />
<br />
It is stated in the Taitariya Brahmans suggests that ' Krishnala ' was the unit for weighing metal. Krishnala or abrus precatorius is referred to in later literature as raktika or gunja and known to us today as ratti. But this is the only reference of krishnala in Vedic literature. <br />
<br />
Another type of money mentioned in Vedic literature is Nishka; it is generally believed that nishka was ornament, some kind of a necklace. Nishka is mentioned in tens and hundreds as payment towards dakshina. It was absolutely a term of value, as is apparent from the ashtadhayi where objects purchased with one, two or three nishkas are called naishkikam, dvi-naishkikam, and tri-naishkikam. <br />
<br />
Coins described in Later Vedic Literature:<br />
<br />
1) Nishka ( Material : Gold ) : Weight 320 Ratti or 560 Grains<br />
<br />
2) Shatamana ( Material : Gold ) : Weight 100 Ratti or 175 Grains<br />
<br />
3) Suvarna ( Material : Gold ) : Weight 80 Ratti or 140 Grains<br />
<br />
4) Paada ( Material : Gold ) : equal to Quarter Suvarna / Shatamana<br />
<br />
<br />
<span style="font-weight: bold;">Beginning of Indian Coinage</span><br />
In Rig-Vedic period (Rig Veda is the first out of the four Vedas which contains scriptures and hymns in Sanskrit, probably composed in 10th-13th century BC), the Aryan tribes had spread over the whole country from Kabul (Kubha in Sanskrit) to upper Ganga (Ganges) and had built up small states mostly under hereditary monarchs and few republics. By 11th century BC, India was divided into many small and large states called Janapadas and Mahajanpadas. About 6th century BC, sixteen Mahajanapadas or kingdoms rose to pre-imminence in India. According to ancient text Anguttara Nikayas they were as follows: Anga, Magadha, Kashi, Koshala, Vajji, Malla, Vatsa, Chedi, Kuru, Panchala, Matsya, Surasena, Ashvaka, Avanti, Gandhar and Kamboja. One of the earliest coins of india were minted by following Mahajanapadas.<br />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi-JcG_WKHH1jbAy49haHs9iWkLhW1VKYrxWF0iI5yuwAzs8t5p7UWaKyrMtIX-f5m8JMhXSiCYGuCRx0smvH0zll7UYgnzt_NvvHNnFipk3HHPHzruXSfgNWxLp7Suuav5hoAQ/s1600-h/Taxila+Janapada.JPG" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5265101915557153122" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi-JcG_WKHH1jbAy49haHs9iWkLhW1VKYrxWF0iI5yuwAzs8t5p7UWaKyrMtIX-f5m8JMhXSiCYGuCRx0smvH0zll7UYgnzt_NvvHNnFipk3HHPHzruXSfgNWxLp7Suuav5hoAQ/s400/Taxila+Janapada.JPG" style="cursor: pointer; display: block; height: 167px; margin: 0px auto 10px; text-align: center; width: 274px;" /></a><br />
In north western part of India, Takshashila or Taxila and Pushkalavati, became an important commercial centers for the trade with Mesopotamia. These wealthy satrapies (provinces) introduced a unique coinage to facilitate the trade. These were silver concave bars of 11 gms which are popularly called as `Taxila bent bars' or `Satamana bent bars'. Satmana or Shatamana represented 100 rattis of silver in weight (Shata means 100 while mana means unit). These silver bars were punched with two septa-radiate (seven arms) symbols, one at each end. These bent bars represents one of the earliest coins of India.<br />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgwrUOCoWnVs74W2vSmhqJmuRJA-Uu6nvZt2p-qiNPw_MEAz53bbU2QxTQhOb8VCRMtuU1GdQGDQQJW-n2RXAsMiOjqBrdwBtIwZ6B6ds_57TDXEsQ5ih5hjjjxTe_QMPaN6pk5/s1600-h/Gandhara.JPG" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5265101785062599730" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgwrUOCoWnVs74W2vSmhqJmuRJA-Uu6nvZt2p-qiNPw_MEAz53bbU2QxTQhOb8VCRMtuU1GdQGDQQJW-n2RXAsMiOjqBrdwBtIwZ6B6ds_57TDXEsQ5ih5hjjjxTe_QMPaN6pk5/s400/Gandhara.JPG" style="cursor: pointer; display: block; height: 142px; margin: 0px auto 10px; text-align: center; width: 400px;" /></a><br />
The earliest coins of India are commonly known as punch-marked coins. As the name suggests, these coins bear the symbols of various types, punched on pieces of silver of specific weight. Interestingly earliest Indian coins have no defined shapes and they were mostly uniface. Secondly, these coins lack any inscriptions written in contemporary languages and almost always struck in silver. These unique characters makes early Indian coins very different than their contemporaries in Greece. <br />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhTb9XbmdFyhdNFipDUg0a71KT4xTMh2wYfQrw3av7aPDqvbk0M5Gq4vJfsLKVdkXn94YhL03sdiIlNjb0fO_YOBlNuh6l42rOv0ddT61fqUhO6M4UC2R5qfycktd1Qk-emUxNt/s1600-h/ashmaka.JPG" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5265105098114505442" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhTb9XbmdFyhdNFipDUg0a71KT4xTMh2wYfQrw3av7aPDqvbk0M5Gq4vJfsLKVdkXn94YhL03sdiIlNjb0fO_YOBlNuh6l42rOv0ddT61fqUhO6M4UC2R5qfycktd1Qk-emUxNt/s400/ashmaka.JPG" style="cursor: pointer; display: block; height: 170px; margin: 0px auto 10px; text-align: center; width: 295px;" /></a><br />
Many early historians believed that concept of coinage was introduced in India by Greeks. But unlike Indian punch-marked coins, Greek coins had inscriptions, they were round in shape, were stamped on both the sides and minted using silver, electrum and gold too. Today we are certain that the concept of coinage was invented in India independent of foreign influence which imparted the unique characteristics to these punch-marked coins, not seen in any other coins of the ancient world.<br />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj39VbMo6xVxLAAJ6Oa_pkJ9B_zRJr0lukqTzPnvvk9s3CHj0HjZ6wAP_wBLECnw3fxDiPPdoAXANmJ5f1eWbe1GB6q82XDKND57p48lJ2GRQUhzmDt5owf9xRUX1wD_ZxB6wyf/s1600-h/Kuru+Janapada.jpg" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5265105515464545602" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj39VbMo6xVxLAAJ6Oa_pkJ9B_zRJr0lukqTzPnvvk9s3CHj0HjZ6wAP_wBLECnw3fxDiPPdoAXANmJ5f1eWbe1GB6q82XDKND57p48lJ2GRQUhzmDt5owf9xRUX1wD_ZxB6wyf/s400/Kuru+Janapada.jpg" style="cursor: pointer; display: block; height: 202px; margin: 0px auto 10px; text-align: center; width: 371px;" /></a><br />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhCg6yFECeqHgxhqhQ0QuUxtTUHi6GnG8bGW2UzCdoBKFhn1LbUPKJL9-IrEODaNF-Z1baHoP4sU8Rm0se6-8odwAThsjdczv3juu31SUlTRDHEf1ivLV6yEmXld0NFYDdagfXR/s1600-h/Kuntala+janapada.jpg" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5265105408505201074" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhCg6yFECeqHgxhqhQ0QuUxtTUHi6GnG8bGW2UzCdoBKFhn1LbUPKJL9-IrEODaNF-Z1baHoP4sU8Rm0se6-8odwAThsjdczv3juu31SUlTRDHEf1ivLV6yEmXld0NFYDdagfXR/s400/Kuntala+janapada.jpg" style="cursor: pointer; display: block; height: 215px; margin: 0px auto 10px; text-align: center; width: 400px;" /></a><br />
Most of these Janapadas were subsequently absorbed into Magadha empire (ruled by Saisunaga dynasty) between 600-321 BC. Pradyotas of Avanti were defeated by Saisunaga in 400 BC. The most remarkable king of Magadha was Bimbisara (also called Shrenika) who ascended on throne in 545 BC. He annexed kingdom of Anga (east Bihar) and married princesses of Koshala and Vaishali thereby expanding his kingdom to the borders of Nepal. He was a very efficient administrator and built the city of RajGriha (Rajgir in Bihar). Both, Goutam Buddha and Mahavir Jain preached their doctrines during his reign. His son Ajatshatru (494-462 BC) defeated many of his adversaries including humbling his uncle Presanjit of Koshala. He founded the city Pataliputra (modern Patna) which was metropolis of ancient India for next four centuries.<br />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg0qF9-Vd9Tyy9FqsNDZ7ruM_tBWFYI2pdQ2lWdzpMwm7lNoc7NcsLbMXSfrNW8vuOtIlH_n76Cpuzm5QY4fold4ITGilOtGQD7elAbFqaNOS1jBN8UoO42kpE4sdwFJec7kThY/s1600-h/Surashtra+Janapada.jpg" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5265107802801482450" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg0qF9-Vd9Tyy9FqsNDZ7ruM_tBWFYI2pdQ2lWdzpMwm7lNoc7NcsLbMXSfrNW8vuOtIlH_n76Cpuzm5QY4fold4ITGilOtGQD7elAbFqaNOS1jBN8UoO42kpE4sdwFJec7kThY/s400/Surashtra+Janapada.jpg" style="cursor: pointer; display: block; height: 216px; margin: 0px auto 10px; text-align: center; width: 351px;" /></a><br />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiWYRRVbaKMRwOnIFaypX3hRXNi_BD1grZbBzZoXmQoEpQDxtEHoCeHn39tXHLa5M6w1Q385p43on0fcj0bOdG3zSCQc6M8CM7cxjYhTESsgnkQp4rkp5xfixgnYMxUdiiwwmeB/s1600-h/Shurasena+Janapada.jpg" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5265107692963977026" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiWYRRVbaKMRwOnIFaypX3hRXNi_BD1grZbBzZoXmQoEpQDxtEHoCeHn39tXHLa5M6w1Q385p43on0fcj0bOdG3zSCQc6M8CM7cxjYhTESsgnkQp4rkp5xfixgnYMxUdiiwwmeB/s400/Shurasena+Janapada.jpg" style="cursor: pointer; display: block; height: 200px; margin: 0px auto 10px; text-align: center; width: 389px;" /></a><br />
In ancient India during 600-321 BC, many Janapadas issued coins with only one symbol like Lion (Shursena of Braj), humped bull (Saurashtra) or Swastika (Dakshin Panchala). Four symbol coins were issued by Kashi, Chedi (Bundelkhand), Vanga (Bengal) and Prachya (Tripura) Janapadas. Five symbol punch marked coins were first issued by Magadha which were continued during Mauryan expansion.<br />
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Ajatshatru was followed by many kings who eventually lost this kingdom to the family of Nandas who began line of Shudra or semi-Shudra kings. To maintain the huge army of 200,000 infantry and 3000 elephants (supported by Greek evidence), Nandas had to resort to heavy taxation which was detested by people. They found a new leader in Chandragupta Maurya (321-297 BC) who eventually with the help of Taxilian bramhin Kautilya or Chankya overthrew the Nanda and laid the foundation of illustrious dynasty of Maurya<br />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh7l-iGcNrgkGrMF4RsRUzkVrO-yAkJ7WYH2MgYDZXr6QAsJZZIuZOUzH-wATGHxW6YuVhGzjM_J5VcIzSetIu1Nqf2NTaAKPZWFoF5BUfDWHrvdaoUzm-L8WHVe1Quw7UPnx1E/s1600-h/Shakya+Janapada.jpg" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5265107609246513394" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh7l-iGcNrgkGrMF4RsRUzkVrO-yAkJ7WYH2MgYDZXr6QAsJZZIuZOUzH-wATGHxW6YuVhGzjM_J5VcIzSetIu1Nqf2NTaAKPZWFoF5BUfDWHrvdaoUzm-L8WHVe1Quw7UPnx1E/s400/Shakya+Janapada.jpg" style="cursor: pointer; display: block; height: 233px; margin: 0px auto 10px; text-align: center; width: 363px;" /></a><br />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhVR_2tm8QoT1IK0er-Uttf0OJl9qqyVPkhEqjd7dGXIFyMTtHhXfhuMWzi1LEkZ4NBbC5tFDpJiNk6sUjkzl3wmhdiFptngK1RmEAr8tgvhXAu93-aJmjIbsyGUSYbiFlUhsjq/s1600-h/Panchal+Janapada.jpg" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5265107311393821106" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhVR_2tm8QoT1IK0er-Uttf0OJl9qqyVPkhEqjd7dGXIFyMTtHhXfhuMWzi1LEkZ4NBbC5tFDpJiNk6sUjkzl3wmhdiFptngK1RmEAr8tgvhXAu93-aJmjIbsyGUSYbiFlUhsjq/s400/Panchal+Janapada.jpg" style="cursor: pointer; display: block; height: 212px; margin: 0px auto 10px; text-align: center; width: 337px;" /></a><br />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgw4N9LRyYOR1itUlp26vrRmZqjuksCET66mbQKaJu8SR7mIoUuOoqXQ-FnbcmqZVKELp2W1bM2dqMEq8MNJnYkVrXuqhN2Se1_ggHnPNORapDvGEfFT2SlsHAkgkGQcMy_3xsY/s1600-h/kosambi.JPG" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5265107214446105490" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgw4N9LRyYOR1itUlp26vrRmZqjuksCET66mbQKaJu8SR7mIoUuOoqXQ-FnbcmqZVKELp2W1bM2dqMEq8MNJnYkVrXuqhN2Se1_ggHnPNORapDvGEfFT2SlsHAkgkGQcMy_3xsY/s400/kosambi.JPG" style="cursor: pointer; display: block; height: 296px; margin: 0px auto 10px; text-align: center; width: 280px;" /></a><br />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEilAV0d0Knh4sZ4oTCFXSAGMXr2xvm60xR5_8cIEjFKo8WCmozY6RhQVsY7QcQXXvCnbvkSFgFV3UaXsXvz4YBmKyp51MfC413PsSKe43hR8hZ5IHUpYYJXh9i_cVgHjOOc06Lz/s1600-h/kosala+janapada.JPG" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5265105312530249058" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEilAV0d0Knh4sZ4oTCFXSAGMXr2xvm60xR5_8cIEjFKo8WCmozY6RhQVsY7QcQXXvCnbvkSFgFV3UaXsXvz4YBmKyp51MfC413PsSKe43hR8hZ5IHUpYYJXh9i_cVgHjOOc06Lz/s400/kosala+janapada.JPG" style="cursor: pointer; display: block; height: 165px; margin: 0px auto 10px; text-align: center; width: 261px;" /></a><br />
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<a href="http://essentiallyunessential.blogspot.in/2009/02/hobby-of-kings-part-6.html">Coins Ring - New Post</a><br />
<a href="http://essentiallyunessential.blogspot.com/2008/07/hobby-of-kings-part-4.html">Coins Ring - Old Post</a>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com21tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-38777558.post-69064688243650687662008-11-05T13:30:00.002+05:302008-11-05T13:35:28.818+05:30A Dream Within A Dream by Edgar Allan PoeTake this kiss upon the brow!<br />And, in parting from you now,<br />Thus much let me avow–<br />You are not wrong, who deem<br />That my days have been a dream;<br />Yet if hope has flown away<br />In a night, or in a day,<br />In a vision, or in none,<br />Is it therefore the less gone?<br />All that we see or seem<br />Is but a dream within a dream.<br /><br />I stand amid the roar<br />Of a surf-tormented shore,<br />And I hold within my hand<br />Grains of the golden sand–<br />How few! yet how they creep<br />Through my fingers to the deep,<br />While I weep–while I weep!<br />O God! can I not grasp<br />Them with a tighter clasp?<br />O God! can I not save<br />One from the pitiless wave?<br />Is all that we see or seem<br />But a dream within a dream?<br /><br /><br /><br /><a href="http://essentiallyunessential.blogspot.com/2008/07/where-sidewalk-ends-by-shel-silverstein.html">Poems Ring - Old Post</a>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-38777558.post-86285986200916545612008-08-13T10:14:00.003+05:302012-12-11T10:06:12.257+05:30Veer Savarkar - Hindutva and Eradication of UntouchabilityThe reason for the blog, well man current day politicians, feed on the history books written by all communist parties don't quiet understand the philosophy which Swatantrya Veer Savarkar followed and preached. The most common label associated with him is that of Hindu Extremist belonging to a high caste who wanted to make India only a pure Hindu country so that the high caste people will always remain in power.<br />
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It's a sad thing that the current ruling party, who's many policies are actually one's which where introduced by Savarkar, go to such a length of discrediting him. They are also trying to(or may be already removed) plague from Andaman Nicobar Island Jails which has Savarkar's writing's on it. <br />
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Also it's a small note to all dalit upliftment organisations, who simply go on blaming these so called extremist Hindu's for there woes, please go through the work done by these revolutionaries before making such comments.<br />
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Anyways, following are some key points in Savarkar's life, which are not known to many.<br />
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<span style="font-weight: bold;">1909 </span>- Gandhi was in London in November. Savarkar then organised a public gathering of Indians to celebrate the festival Vijayadashami. He requested Gandhi to be its Chairman.<br />
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In his speech Gandhi said, “Though I have my differences with Savarkar, I consider it a great honour to be in his company today.” Referring to the fact that Savarkar was not called to the bar, Gandhi said, “May India bear the fruits of his sacrifices.”<br />
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<span style="font-weight: bold;">Since 1911-</span><br />
Savarkar organised the political prisoners and started to raise their voice against filthy conditions, poor quality food and lack of amenities. Hindus were particularly badly treated. He said, “ When we fought for better life for Hindus we also took side of Muslim prisoners too, when required. By our agitation we brought about changes in prison life. That benefited Hindus as well as Muslims who therefore developed a respect for us.”<br />
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<span style="font-weight: bold;">Shuddhi movement</span><br />
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Savarkar witnessed how Muslims were forcing their religion on Hindus by the most brutal means with the connivance of the prison authorities. He mounted an agitation against this practice and started re-conversion of those forcibly converted to Islam back to Hindu Dharma. This was called Shuddhi. <br />
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He said, “ In this chapter, and in others I had to mention repeatedly the fanaticism and barbarity of Muslims. That is unfortunate, but majority of Muslim prisoners were religious zealots. But those Muslims who were not religious fanatics will testify how friendly I was with them.”<br />
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“ It must be said that not only the ordinary Muslims but even the fanatic Muslims developed a deep respect for me. Because, apart from our quarrel over their proselytization activities I took their side against the prison authorities just as I did for Hindu prisoners. I supported their legitimate demands and fought for their grievances too.”<br />
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“Moreover, we political prisoners were trying to improve conditions in prison and try to remove utterly harsh life. As a result we suffered un-describable punishments. The reforms we brought about as a result of our agitation were beneficial to Hindus as well as Muslims. It would have been surprising if those fanatical Muslims had not developed a sense of respect and gratitude for us.”<br />
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“ Every one has right to propagate their religion by preaching. But Muslims always resort to gangsterism, violence, murder, kidnapping and rape to spread Islam. That will not be tolerated. Muslims must accept that we Hindus too have right to preach our religion and convert Muslims to our religion.”<br />
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He wrote “I always maintained that Shuddhi (re-conversion) and Sanghatan (organisation of Hindus) are essential for achieving Hindu Muslim unit. That is why I first took a case of forcible conversion to Islam in 1913 and have been fighting for the same cause ever since. I must stress that I never hated or despised Muslims, Christians or even the tribal people. I only denounce the tendency of Muslims to impose their religion on others by barbarous means.”<br />
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With persistent efforts the tide of Muslim aggression turned. By 1920, Savarkar wrote, “ Those Muslims who had terrorised us Hindus in the past feared that Hindus will now seek revenge. That was reflection of their behaviour. It had never been in the blood of Hindus to behave rudely towards others. I must emphasise that we always treated fairly any ordinary Muslims and those who were free from religious fanaticism. I taught many of them to read and write. I wrote applications of many Muslim prisoners. I always did things to improve their life with whatever little influence I had in prison. I am sure they will testify to that.”<br />
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Note - Unfortunately Savarkar’s book ‘My transportation for life’ was published in Marathi only in 1927. It was vital that English version should have been published for wider publicity but that did not happen and when Gujarati translation was published in 1934 the book was banned by British Authorities in Bombay Province. The English version was not published till 1950. <br />
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<span style="font-weight: bold;">1924 - March</span> - Savarkar’s articles about impending danger to Hindus in Sind province was published. In it Savarkar wrote, “Oh Muslims, remember what happened recently in Mecca when Sindhi Muslims went on Haj pilgrimage! How much they were insulted and humiliated by Arab Muslims. Who will come to your rescue? Hindus. So, it is in your interest to stop your religious fanaticism.”<br />
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<span style="font-weight: bold;">1924 - July</span> - Savarkar stressed the need for emancipation of the untouchables and worked for the same incessantly during his internment.<br />
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<span style="font-weight: bold;">1924 - December</span> - Jatpat Todak Mandal (Society for the abolition of the caste system), Lahore elected Savarkar as President for their annual session, but he could not attend due to restrictions on him.<br />
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<span style="font-weight: bold;">1929 -</span> On May 19th Savarkar presided over the conference of (former) untouchables held in Malvan. Mr Rajbhoj, editor of the paper ‘Dalitbandhu’, said, “ Savarkar is sincere in his efforts for securing a better life for us and this has removed my misconceptions about his Hindu Sanghatan movement.”<br />
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On 20th Savarkar distributed the holy threads (janeo) to the then untouchables and said, “ Now there is no reason for infighting. Let us all unite under the banner of Hindu Dharma. The Vedas are just as heritage of yours as they of the Brahmins.” This was a great revolutionary step indeed.<br />
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<span style="font-weight: bold;">1930 -</span> Savarkar practised ‘dining together’ of all Hindus since 16 November 1930. Such functions were not heard of even among the High caste Hindus. In Ratnagiri even the untouchables participated.<br />
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On 9 December, Times of India reported, “ Mr Gandhi, and many of his followers in the Congress Party believe in Chaturvarnya and castes based on birth. But the reformers in Ratnagiri believe that castes based on birth are harmful and have started ‘dining together’ of all Hindus including untouchables, and it is astonishing that Mr V D Sarvarkar is their source of inspiration.”<br />
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(Times of India remained a life long opponent of Savarkar)<br />
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So much for the secular ideology being followed by the current day Congress party. Following path of a Hindu Nationalist Savarkar, yet denouncing him, not acknowledging him and on top of it going to the Andaman Jails and removing the Plaque which he had written on. Go learn history first.<br />
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<span style="font-weight: bold;">1931 - A Temple for ALL Hindus</span><br />
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On 22 February, The famous Hindu temple ‘Patit Pavan Mandir’ was consecrated and declared open by Savarkar to Hindus of all castes including the untouchables. There was no other similar temple throughout India.<br />
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On 25th sixth annual conference of the Bombay Province Association for Removal of Untouchability of was held in Ratnagiri. Savarkar was in chair. Delegates from outside Ratnagiri could not believe the enormous social changes brought about by Savarkar.<br />
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In March, the untouchables carried a Satyagraha for allowing entry into the Rama Temple in Nasik. As Savarkar was interned in Ratnagiri, he could not go to Nasik. He therefore sent a letter to High Caste Hindu residents of Nasik and appealed to them to allow the untouchables in the temple. The Times (of London) published the letter on 20 March 1931 and remarked “ A touching letter to Hindus”<br />
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<span style="font-weight: bold;">April 26</span><br />
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Somavanshi Mahars (a former untouchable caste) held their conference in Patit Pavan Mandir. Savarkar was in chair. Some 700 Mahars participated. They could not believe that there was a Temple open to all Hindus including untouchables.<br />
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During the conference some Mahars from Mumbai objected to the slogan “Hindu Dharma ki jai” or Glory to the Hindu Dharma. After discussion with Savarkar they changed their minds and shouted, “Hindu Dharma ki jai.” <br />
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<span style="font-weight: bold;">1932 - April 9</span> - Somavanshi Mahars of Ratnagiri District held their conference in Ratnagiri. Savarkar was the chief guest. At the end, the participants resolved that they will remain Hindus and will NOT change their religion.<br />
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<span style="font-weight: bold;">1933 -</span> Since December 1932 Savarkar had been in touch with Mr Gopalrao Deodhar of the All India Anti-untouchability League (Maharashtra branch). Seth Ghanashyamdas Birla was President of the League. He was prepared to spend 25,000 rupees for benefit of untouchanbles of Maharashtra. Savarkar collected Rs 500 in Ratnagiri District and Birla added Rs 1,000. The fund was utilised for housing, education, building wells and other social benefits.<br />
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With incessant efforts Savarkar managed to abolish the observance of untouchability in Ratnagiri and on 22 February 1933, an effigy of untouchability was publicly burned in that town.<br />
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<span style="font-weight: bold;">1933 - A Café for all Hindus</span><br />
<br />
Savarkar opened a café for all Hindus in Ratnagiri on 1 May 1933. Tea, snacks and food were served by an untouchable. Such a café was unthinkable at that time even in industrial city like Mumbai. <br />
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<span style="font-weight: bold;">1935 </span>- Prof Patwardhan was one of those who opposed Savarkar’s views on purification of Marathi language. He wrote, “ I was asked by editor of Vividh Dnyanvistar to write an article criticising Savarkar. But I thought that before critising him I must read his articles. The surprise was that when I studied his articles on purification of Marathi language I became thoroughly convinced of his arguments and became his staunch supporter.”<br />
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That has been the tragedy of Savarkar. Our history would have changed substantially if only his opponents had at least read his views. A well known follower of Gandhi made such a confession in 1983.<br />
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<span style="font-weight: bold;">May be the current Congress party and the communist parties of India should do that.</span><br />
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<br />
<span style="font-weight: bold;">1940 - 22 June</span> <br />
Subhash Chandra Bose came to see Savarkar. He told Bose, “ Why do you waste time in your movement to remove the monument to ‘ Blackhole of Calcutta ‘? A person like you should go out of India and form an army out of our prisoners of war and attack the British from outside the India. There are only two or three such men who can dare such an attempt. But I have particularly high hopes about you.”<br />
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Bose eventually did what Savarkar had asked by forming the Indian National Army (I.N.A) out of the prisoners of war held by the Japanese.<br />
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<span style="font-weight: bold;">1954</span> - Rajendra Prasad, first President of India visited Andaman Islands. He saw the prison cell where Veer Savarkar was imprisoned and bowed in respect.<br />
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<span style="font-weight: bold;">1964</span> - Nehru died in May. Within months, the Congress Party repented the years of neglect of Savarkar and in October the Government of India sanctioned him a pension, acknowledging his part in the Indian freedom struggle against the British rule.<br />
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<span style="font-weight: bold;">1966</span> - Self-immolation of Savarkar. As soon as his death was announced, K M Munshi, founder President of the Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan, rushed to Savarkar’s house and paid his respects (Bhavan’s journal June 2001, p19)<br />
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Munshi was Home Minister in the first Congress Government of Bombay Province during 1937-39.<br />
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<span style="font-weight: bold;">1983</span> - 26th February was death anniversary of Veer Savarkar. Well-known Marathi writer Purushottam Laxman Deshpande was on Andaman Islands. He visited the cell where Savarkar was kept and was overwhelmed by emotions. The cell was only 13 by 7 foot. Deshpande then addressed the Maharashtrians who had gathered outside the cell and made a powerful speech. It was astonishing that a Socialist and admirer of Gandhi and Nehru all his life could make such a speech and pay tributes to Savarkar.<br />
<br />
Deshpande made following points –<br />
* The punishments suffered by Savarkar are described in his book ‘My Transportation for Life’ However, it is my conviction that he has not described even 10% of what he actually suffered, because he did not want pity or sympathy. He wanted the youth to come forward and say – ‘I too am prepared to suffer like Savarkar for our nation.’<br />
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* We do not even read what he had preached.<br />
<br />
* Persons like Savarkar never die, nor ever say Goodbye. They are eternal. Even one line or one word of from them gives us inspiration.<br />
<br />
* Persons like Savarkar can never die by any vicious attacks, or neglect or propaganda against them. They are self-made. They live like the great Banyan trees providing comforts to others in their hour of need.<br />
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* We need to think how his thoughts could be spread in all the Indian languages.<br />
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* So much has happened here that every Indian should come here in bow in respect of freedom fighters like Savarkar.<br />
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Deshpande concluded his speech by saying, “ To remind our people every year, there should be a day of celebrations, right here in the Cellular Jail on national level. And it should be presided by the highest authority of the country.”<br />
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<br />
<a href="http://essentiallyunessential.blogspot.in/2008/11/when-mahatmas-cowards-erupt-in-fury-it.html">General Post Ring - New Post</a><br />
<a href="http://essentiallyunessential.blogspot.in/2008/05/birthday.html">General Post Ring - Old Post</a>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-38777558.post-52034491913886771052008-07-29T11:41:00.004+05:302008-11-05T13:35:42.321+05:30Where the Sidewalk Ends by Shel SilversteinThere is a place where the sidewalk ends<br />And before the street begins,<br />And there the grass grows soft and white,<br />And there the sun burns crimson bright,<br />And there the moon-bird rests from his flight<br />To cool in the peppermint wind.<br /><br />Let us leave this place where the smoke blows black<br />And the dark street winds and bends.<br />Past the pits where the asphalt flowers grow<br />We shall walk with a walk that is measured and slow,<br />And watch where the chalk-white arrows go<br />To the place where the sidewalk ends.<br /><br />Yes we’ll walk with a walk that is measured and slow,<br />And we’ll go where the chalk-white arrows go,<br />For the children, they mark, and the children, they know<br />The place where the sidewalk ends.<br /><br /><br /><a href="http://essentiallyunessential.blogspot.com/2008/11/dream-within-dream-by-edgar-allan-poe.html">Poems Ring - New Post</a><br /><a href="http://essentiallyunessential.blogspot.com/2008/06/road-not-taken-by-robert-frost.html">Poems Ring - Old Post</a>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-38777558.post-69600126550327821022008-07-09T12:25:00.000+05:302008-07-09T12:25:59.117+05:30Essentially Unessential: Hobby of Kings - Part 4<a href="http://essentiallyunessential.blogspot.com/2008/07/hobby-of-kings-part-4.html#links">Essentially Unessential: Hobby of Kings - Part 4</a>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com4tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-38777558.post-22934465168337779332008-07-09T11:47:00.021+05:302008-11-06T19:45:20.649+05:30Hobby of Kings - Part 4<span style="font-weight:bold;">Coins of China</span><br /><br />The shapes and manufacturing method of the coins can be considered as indirect evidence of independent invention in China. The chinese coins were made of base metals by casting . The earliest chinese coins were probably made in Yellow river valley. They were made of in the shape of miniature hoes, spades and knives. They were probably first issued around the 6th century BCE during the Zhou dynasty.<br /><br />The first metallic coins, cast in bronze, date from about 500 B.C. according to Chinese archaelogists. The first coins were cast bronze imitations of these monetary objects, hoes, knives and cowries. It may be that these metal objects first served as means of exchange in the country. ... Four types of coinage were current in China in the fourth and third centuries [B.C.]. ... They were as follows: the Shansi region ... where spade-shaped coins were in circulation; the kingdoms of the north-east ... where coins were knife-shaped; the Wei valley in Shensi ... where round coins with a central hole were used; lastly the sphere of influence of the the Ch"u kingdom (middle Yangtse and Han valley), where use was made of gold coins shaped as tablets divided into sixteen little squares carrying the indication of their value, and where bronze cowrie shells were also struck<br /><br />The earliest coins were inscribed imitation hoes issued by the Zhou kings in the late sixth century BC ... In the third century BC a practical solution to the problem of handling irregularly shaped coins was found by replacing hoe and knife coins with flat disc-shaped coins with a central hole, so they could be carried in bulk on strings.<br /><br /><span style="font-style:italic;">Hollow Spade Coins</span><br />Several specimens of hollow handled spades with a pointed feet from Shantung peninsula were dated to be from 600 BCE. The dating of these coins is not considered definitive by many scholars. There is considerable disagreement among the numismatic scholars. Hollow handle spades with pointed feet are called Pu. They are considered to be the first coins by some. The name suggest that they might be transition money from primitive money. Pu was the term of earlier primitive money. These spades can not be considered as true coins for lack of stamping or inscriptions on them. However, they were cast to an ancient chinese weight standard of 1 liang = 24 shu (1 shu = 0.56g). These spades were cast to 3 liang. <br /><br /><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhtBNlBQz4L9Pfxeu7rqkK4xASgM9-h5aCqzcj2yTaUXpPe7SG7qe3QMThDgvBlui9Ei0AEsisV8uzOgOPp8p_GEGuKDbJLpKhztKwOZU5YQ62u-xwwn324ZNhZUgBn9AYQ3WX-/s1600-h/HollowSpade2.jpg"><img style="display:block; margin:0px auto 10px; text-align:center;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhtBNlBQz4L9Pfxeu7rqkK4xASgM9-h5aCqzcj2yTaUXpPe7SG7qe3QMThDgvBlui9Ei0AEsisV8uzOgOPp8p_GEGuKDbJLpKhztKwOZU5YQ62u-xwwn324ZNhZUgBn9AYQ3WX-/s400/HollowSpade2.jpg" border="0" alt=""id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5220895467913574674" /></a><br /><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj7YWu-lcShux-Zi5EgGc1_A1BI5I6dtEFYoTYqoMA2yz3bRo4vx4gulBO42GyHMk5NS0LKlYAapVf-4CStUKwSBOwjREyds0dUWleNPMxZeOlZjnDNJnsVOe4WDe_7Dvrdp9sG/s1600-h/HollowSpade.jpg"><img style="display:block; margin:0px auto 10px; text-align:center;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj7YWu-lcShux-Zi5EgGc1_A1BI5I6dtEFYoTYqoMA2yz3bRo4vx4gulBO42GyHMk5NS0LKlYAapVf-4CStUKwSBOwjREyds0dUWleNPMxZeOlZjnDNJnsVOe4WDe_7Dvrdp9sG/s400/HollowSpade.jpg" border="0" alt=""id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5220895246638038018" /></a><br /><br /><span style="font-style:italic;">Flat Foot Spade Coins</span><br />The second type are the large, heavy flat-foot spades occurring in a number of varieties both with and without inscriptions (one or two characters when present). The form is very close to that of actual tools, suggesting an early date. They are rare, suggesting a short-lived series and/or a very restricted area of circulation, but there are other hollow-handled spade types that appear to have evolved from them. <br /><br />These large hollow-handled pointed foot spades appear to have evolved into the smaller, more robust hollow-handled spades with a shallow curve to the foot and single-character inscriptions, which show up much more commonly today.<br /><br /><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEihZufDpoLGTiOy1AUZs-Dqb971NBzs84aqXXFhhzsWWb9KEDviT0UtOFpznIGP4mH_jfPhgxM8DvHqBIRDO6WBHFby689MgJHBiBOGdZwZFLLnYE2fkNQ5NfXGHhxYsRu3qFVA/s1600-h/HollowSpade3.jpg"><img style="display:block; margin:0px auto 10px; text-align:center;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEihZufDpoLGTiOy1AUZs-Dqb971NBzs84aqXXFhhzsWWb9KEDviT0UtOFpznIGP4mH_jfPhgxM8DvHqBIRDO6WBHFby689MgJHBiBOGdZwZFLLnYE2fkNQ5NfXGHhxYsRu3qFVA/s400/HollowSpade3.jpg" border="0" alt=""id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5220896075833255586" /></a><br /><br /><br />The name of the denomination is as yet uncertain, but the evidence indicates units of "CHIN". Wang, on plate X #2, illustrates a specimen with the character for "CHIN", and on plate XI #2 another specimen which seems to indicate a denomination of "3 CHIN". The first specimen appears to be of a slightly earlier series and it is possible the denomination changed from 1 chin to 3 chin at some point, but this seems unlikely. It is more likely the earlier spades did not need a units mark as only one denomination (3 chin) was in use. The second, slightly later type, is part of a series with more than one denomination, so unit marks become more important.<br /><br /><span style="font-style:italic;">Flat Handle Spade Coins</span><br />Around 400 BC flat spades revolutionized the spade currency. Unlike the hollow-handled spades which required a complex multi-piece mold with a casting core in the handle, the flat spades required only a simple two-piece mold, allowing for larger mintages in shorter periods of time. They were sturdy and easier to store. The flat spades were cast to an ancient chinese weight standard based on multiples of 12 shu (1 shu = 0.56g). They were issued in three denominations of 1/2 liang (12 shu), 1 liang (24 shu) and 2 liang (48 shu). They were called "CH'IEN. This word later come to mean money in Chinese language. They also met all the conditions to be a true coin. Many bear mint and denomination marks, suggesting they may have circulated beyond the boundaries of the cities that cast them.<br /><br /><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgjDDA8zRwQZAAtpzOGg6NoJdQyfU7CMiee1MzE7LTwxxcTuzGbmpR5aCb1LOuPGgJSrrkD_xFdQzVvzUxF8pE50cQdANGKcMnGjGLaU_qFYyf0I_lHhQohm_t-yVHfD8NrHsHF/s1600-h/heavyspade3.jpg"><img style="display:block; margin:0px auto 10px; text-align:center;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgjDDA8zRwQZAAtpzOGg6NoJdQyfU7CMiee1MzE7LTwxxcTuzGbmpR5aCb1LOuPGgJSrrkD_xFdQzVvzUxF8pE50cQdANGKcMnGjGLaU_qFYyf0I_lHhQohm_t-yVHfD8NrHsHF/s400/heavyspade3.jpg" border="0" alt=""id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5220897674041065554" /></a><br /><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhUax2pyTzN2Y2jbFruky8zwE0poH_tUa9hIQivs0a8t1yzIlSHdjkgVX0wg-MOCBwyyA1RprWwwfhWuKS3L_i36NwzLaEnNBtyH7h2jL62sgrmAk68XMDl_A3CJfabR7S9vLgH/s1600-h/heavyspade2.jpg"><img style="display:block; margin:0px auto 10px; text-align:center;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhUax2pyTzN2Y2jbFruky8zwE0poH_tUa9hIQivs0a8t1yzIlSHdjkgVX0wg-MOCBwyyA1RprWwwfhWuKS3L_i36NwzLaEnNBtyH7h2jL62sgrmAk68XMDl_A3CJfabR7S9vLgH/s400/heavyspade2.jpg" border="0" alt=""id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5220897176809009442" /></a><br /><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgbSCGbsdeXBQ1-hxOVbgQ2Zc4pVq5aqYv5tmz4OKL6sYpQNB18TZuxcbZlFp5ciIYN9EnW7Wyfj4zOMdyi6sPI_o_CYxzN3AnCw-YfA59IMw3rZEzr1bobnJHL7J3Av-DeWCM1/s1600-h/HeavySpade.jpg"><img style="display:block; margin:0px auto 10px; text-align:center;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgbSCGbsdeXBQ1-hxOVbgQ2Zc4pVq5aqYv5tmz4OKL6sYpQNB18TZuxcbZlFp5ciIYN9EnW7Wyfj4zOMdyi6sPI_o_CYxzN3AnCw-YfA59IMw3rZEzr1bobnJHL7J3Av-DeWCM1/s400/HeavySpade.jpg" border="0" alt=""id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5220897110909519378" /></a><br /><br /><span style="font-style:italic;">Pointed Foot and Round Foot Thin Spade Coins</span><br />Pointed Foot and Round Foot thin spades are a bit of a mystery. Wang suggests they evolved directly from hollow-handled spades and are contemporary with the heavy flat spades, but from different mints. Their general form and style of calligraphy tends to suggest this may be so, in which case they belong to the 4th century BC, and we would expect some of them (early issues) to be cast to a 12 shu standard, with possibly others (later issues) at a 10 shu standard. We hope to be able to look into this fairly soon.<br /><br /><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEguDpRHUwOx0EpdyYI-KjxlZ5Ml1BbI9o2ZReRLOvaM7svR7rCgM36RZZ1g3wohLo2xNY7WscCUdjyK_5YSotNkSW0X4GzOvYLp2Er2xMZUufSMqf-lT_hDuq9pXFNkII4m8tzU/s1600-h/pointed2.jpg"><img style="display:block; margin:0px auto 10px; text-align:center;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEguDpRHUwOx0EpdyYI-KjxlZ5Ml1BbI9o2ZReRLOvaM7svR7rCgM36RZZ1g3wohLo2xNY7WscCUdjyK_5YSotNkSW0X4GzOvYLp2Er2xMZUufSMqf-lT_hDuq9pXFNkII4m8tzU/s400/pointed2.jpg" border="0" alt=""id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5220897886866641986" /></a><br /><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi7As7AlNB1DrRTME2WotdAbIIzcLInNtQXkhvOTEr7futm5fuEiGRXq2WW0PAu55GbS3alYsWwE09ELvMnpLT_rd1UhhmFvsRITW6CHxMp6ETK5fdmOcsERMEgK0oOgpBTe75O/s1600-h/pointed.jpg"><img style="display:block; margin:0px auto 10px; text-align:center;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi7As7AlNB1DrRTME2WotdAbIIzcLInNtQXkhvOTEr7futm5fuEiGRXq2WW0PAu55GbS3alYsWwE09ELvMnpLT_rd1UhhmFvsRITW6CHxMp6ETK5fdmOcsERMEgK0oOgpBTe75O/s400/pointed.jpg" border="0" alt=""id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5220897820032926578" /></a><br /><br />It appears that between 350 and 250 BC the heavy flat spades gave way to the thinner square foot flat handled spades, in an extensive series bearing a variety of mint names, but only a few distinct forms.<br /><br />Most spades in this series weight between 5 and 6 grams (10 shu) but for some types there are also examples around 11 grams (20 shu). The larger examples with sharp corners can weight as much as 14 gram but appear to have been intended as a 20 shu denomination. Their denominations were 1/2 liang (10 shu) and 1 liang (20 shu).<br /><br /><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiFX4cS0ZSl6HcBD_v3gOQr-b1bW_ZXq4j0Y9_HTp4e5ie1avU5tegVQ2m_VaqiROqw1orCX_cEVRs1MYLAbKfuEUggFfzFmCzkfJxgjPodZyUsroFLwktwPg7IqvUHsNg5Syxx/s1600-h/SQSpade.jpg"><img style="display:block; margin:0px auto 10px; text-align:center;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiFX4cS0ZSl6HcBD_v3gOQr-b1bW_ZXq4j0Y9_HTp4e5ie1avU5tegVQ2m_VaqiROqw1orCX_cEVRs1MYLAbKfuEUggFfzFmCzkfJxgjPodZyUsroFLwktwPg7IqvUHsNg5Syxx/s400/SQSpade.jpg" border="0" alt=""id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5220898626929185538" /></a><br /><br /><span style="font-style:italic;">Knife Coins</span><br />The knife money probably appeared around 500 BCE in the Yellow river valley. Some believe that they were cast earlier than 500 BCE. We assume the pointed knifes, with a smooth curve down the back, are the earliest form of knife money. They have the closest style to genuine knives, and like the early hollow-handled spades often appear without inscriptions, although the inscriptions are normally weak or difficult to see on most specimens. The casting and calligraphy are similar to the hollow-handled spades. They were called "Ch'i" knifes. It is a difficult and contentious issue dating this Knife money. Pointed knives and Ming knives average between 15 and 16 grams or about 30 shu.<br /><br /><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi4dg6mnrpLsCf0_8b5d0deIZ9E_f8MviJYN1owvusw7vpAotQ2cY9_J25oVPyWIEzMo70RG8sab_k3ZicAp2D_uGb62AfzXumoJ-wOnm2RGkZmUocBoCPrWzyoP1oM71uG1sNC/s1600-h/knife3.jpg"><img style="display:block; margin:0px auto 10px; text-align:center;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi4dg6mnrpLsCf0_8b5d0deIZ9E_f8MviJYN1owvusw7vpAotQ2cY9_J25oVPyWIEzMo70RG8sab_k3ZicAp2D_uGb62AfzXumoJ-wOnm2RGkZmUocBoCPrWzyoP1oM71uG1sNC/s400/knife3.jpg" border="0" alt=""id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5220899139573320674" /></a><br /><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgAEHiW0Pr7GIGCpFcBuZ3Smg_Ae3iX5j8J2164s9iGMUV26jaqeQf0JADN3-i_JzhTszn96R4a_C_TOJrD9Uk3mEv_9syiJZ5LfYwEsB233GwvSzQ7lQCMG3LQcskqyRMjJUDf/s1600-h/Knife2.jpg"><img style="display:block; margin:0px auto 10px; text-align:center;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgAEHiW0Pr7GIGCpFcBuZ3Smg_Ae3iX5j8J2164s9iGMUV26jaqeQf0JADN3-i_JzhTszn96R4a_C_TOJrD9Uk3mEv_9syiJZ5LfYwEsB233GwvSzQ7lQCMG3LQcskqyRMjJUDf/s400/Knife2.jpg" border="0" alt=""id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5220898833436556450" /></a><br /><br /><span style="font-style:italic;">Ming Knife Coins</span><br />The "Ming" knifes probably followed next, but they are still a bit of a mystery. The fabric is similar to common square-foot spades except that the inscriptions give no indications of mint names. All bear the character "Ming" on one side, which Wang (page 166) suggests is made up of the characters for "sun" and "moon", meaning "bright". These are by far the most common of all knife money and must have been cast in vast numbers, and are found over a wide area of Northern China and as far away as Northern Korea<br /><br /><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiO57XkxzNa5vG_dWaTz9JJC9QMSze2l_8AgeBpDl1LGvqX6gymMBTYGD_4tNKCe_9F5uZbmFaSflAbDjGS36s89bClHOlhmwAwii8keMxacT8AIBbROBRT6QVFCNCGaeocnOJ-/s1600-h/knife4.jpg"><img style="display:block; margin:0px auto 10px; text-align:center;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiO57XkxzNa5vG_dWaTz9JJC9QMSze2l_8AgeBpDl1LGvqX6gymMBTYGD_4tNKCe_9F5uZbmFaSflAbDjGS36s89bClHOlhmwAwii8keMxacT8AIBbROBRT6QVFCNCGaeocnOJ-/s400/knife4.jpg" border="0" alt=""id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5220900022659709026" /></a><br /><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhqNRq7d-QBdjjdjHBypTBqH0yt1eEhZGPIcSmMpqVNOm386g9O3vpfm2ALKdEI1ZPwtGacC0qPEKKIxwrIi84lBkbuyvN7OMxWu8Ch9qCAO56C46VphW3jT6dMKxG6sIMdRXtD/s1600-h/knife1.jpg"><img style="display:block; margin:0px auto 10px; text-align:center;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhqNRq7d-QBdjjdjHBypTBqH0yt1eEhZGPIcSmMpqVNOm386g9O3vpfm2ALKdEI1ZPwtGacC0qPEKKIxwrIi84lBkbuyvN7OMxWu8Ch9qCAO56C46VphW3jT6dMKxG6sIMdRXtD/s400/knife1.jpg" border="0" alt=""id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5220899921601972082" /></a><br /><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhOHOsXcY37zlSHNUpki92wKQXr6MUKzwyiZq6TLsSEdnmhxkVbCF5cjUaEP1ioaUM-g_gDAyzkyvIxUs7ORBHC1HsHLoEn6eDCqKLXHHMbO8luGZDAwpOIQjAcft9kBr416NDs/s1600-h/Knife.jpg"><img style="display:block; margin:0px auto 10px; text-align:center;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhOHOsXcY37zlSHNUpki92wKQXr6MUKzwyiZq6TLsSEdnmhxkVbCF5cjUaEP1ioaUM-g_gDAyzkyvIxUs7ORBHC1HsHLoEn6eDCqKLXHHMbO8luGZDAwpOIQjAcft9kBr416NDs/s400/Knife.jpg" border="0" alt=""id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5220899662015003490" /></a><br /><br />There are two distinct shapes of ming knifes, the first of which has a distinctly angled back, and the second with a mildly curved back. The exact significance of this is uncertain, but it is possible that the mildly curved back varieties are the earliest, having evolved from the pointed curved back knifes. A partial hoard of these that we obtained recently, had both types well represented.<br /><br />The curved-back ming knifes can be further divided into two distinct inscription varieties. The first variety has a mint name and monetary designation on the reverse. The second variety has reverse inscriptions which do no appear to have a relationship to mints or denominations. It appears that these two varieties are probably roughly contemporary but from different districts.<br /><br />All of the angle-back specimens have the second type of inscription without mint name or monetary designation.<br /><br />Dating ming knifes is a little problematical, but we suspect that they appear in the very late Zhou, probably at the end of the 4th century BC and continue down to and possibly after the unification under the Ch'in.<br /><br />The more stylized straight knifes, with characters on one or both sides may be contemporary with the ming knifes. There are only a few varieties and the characters appear to be mint names. These tend to be poorly represented in the literature and more work needs to be done on them before we can comment on how they may fit into the system.<br /><br /><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiRk2JLNgutU_O7Lx_l9WunE4FDy1OHjMo2O2lkrwGR0gZO5kiujOJoAouK90DoFTtG9Gjw66YyuIyakzS1c1ALhhYD1jsZAz5PjsygWV-TFx4qAmE0n_2nHPt3Relxt9EJY1IG/s1600-h/knife5.jpg"><img style="display:block; margin:0px auto 10px; text-align:center;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiRk2JLNgutU_O7Lx_l9WunE4FDy1OHjMo2O2lkrwGR0gZO5kiujOJoAouK90DoFTtG9Gjw66YyuIyakzS1c1ALhhYD1jsZAz5PjsygWV-TFx4qAmE0n_2nHPt3Relxt9EJY1IG/s400/knife5.jpg" border="0" alt=""id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5220900392568928978" /></a><br /><br />The large heavy knifes may be the most misunderstood part of this series. They are traditionally described as the earliest knife form, a theory to which we cannot subscribe. With the exception of the three-character Ch'i knife, which is not overly common, all heavy knifes are rare to extremely rare. If they had really seen the 600 years of circulation suggested by Wang, one would expect them to be very common coins.<br /><br /><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgpcDbcVaYlzxaH5zcz-TqGAxLGCwCdUWkOPfS5PkDFZCeipZO31wZuYTx3Bodajs_3jlNbaBrmAmHpjmM8OiolWI597kU2F5m_NE3t1aZVd-vI9zHoEXtcyWK3K7c0-FrU1Jsh/s1600-h/knife6.jpg"><img style="display:block; margin:0px auto 10px; text-align:center;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgpcDbcVaYlzxaH5zcz-TqGAxLGCwCdUWkOPfS5PkDFZCeipZO31wZuYTx3Bodajs_3jlNbaBrmAmHpjmM8OiolWI597kU2F5m_NE3t1aZVd-vI9zHoEXtcyWK3K7c0-FrU1Jsh/s400/knife6.jpg" border="0" alt=""id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5220900593636845906" /></a><br /><br />The dating of these coins will probably remain uncertain until archeological evidence can provide some answers, but the coins themselves do give us some clues. It is significant that no uninscribed, or even simple versions are known to exist. These are normal steps in coinage evolution, which exist for hollow-handle spades, pointed knifes and cowry imitations. In fact these heavy knifes first appear with full developed complex inscriptions including a mint name and indication of a monetary unit, a feature not seen on other coins until the late hollow-handled and heavy flat spades which probably date to around 400 BC.<br /><br />While rims are present on many ancient coins, they are usually low and thin. The rims on these coins are thick and high. There is no real parallel to them, but the closest seem to be the early round coins of "I" (a city in the Ch'i territory), which are certainly of a very late date. Of the specimens that we have seen, none have shown significant signs of wear, which leads us to believe that they may not have been part of the general circulating coinage. They also seem to be the most finely cast of all ancient Chinese coins.<br /><br />When all the features of these coins are considered, we can believe they may have been made for ceremonial purposes such as presentations or burial, which is consistent with the use of the state (Ch'i) as a mint designation, rather than one of the cities in Ch'i as is the usual pattern for the coinage of the Zhou period. <br /><br /><span style="font-style:italic;">Round Holed Coins</span><br />The round coins with round hole in the center appeared around 300 BCE. They have a mint mark and monetary units on them. They were cast with new weight standard. There came in two denomination 1/2 liang (10 shu or 5 grams) and 1 liang (20 shu or 10 g) and ch'ien.<br /><br />Early round coins with round holes can be divided into two major types. The first type are those with multiple-character inscriptions including both mint marks and monetary units having many features similar with the heavy flat spades.<br />They differ from the spades in one important aspect. All the specimens we have been able to confirm fall into the weight system based on multiples of 10 shu with an average about 10 grams (20 shu) for the full units, and about 5 grams (10 shu) for the half units, while the heavy flat spades were cast to the weight standard based on multiples of 12 shu. This leads us to believe they we issued as a replacement for the heavy flat spades as the new weight system was adopted<br /><br />The second series of round-holed round coins are those with only a mint name, but no denomination. These are seen with either one-or two-character legends but in all other ways, including the weights, resemble the multi-character types. The use of only a mint name without monetary units is a characteristic shared with the square-foot spades which are cast to the same weight standard, in a close relationship between the two and suggest a date right around or just after 300 BC.<br /><br /><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi8Pjh8Pxsby8SVAaBG905I52Soc5sD3Awb7X5fwocDUSs0YMKFXRP5aj_9IX-6VkrvocfGai9w8fucFgIKDa9iixZ8onfn0GwJ80Z0WLfecFSOPA2EggLPih7vLRAGqj3GdU9j/s1600-h/RoundRound.jpg"><img style="display:block; margin:0px auto 10px; text-align:center;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi8Pjh8Pxsby8SVAaBG905I52Soc5sD3Awb7X5fwocDUSs0YMKFXRP5aj_9IX-6VkrvocfGai9w8fucFgIKDa9iixZ8onfn0GwJ80Z0WLfecFSOPA2EggLPih7vLRAGqj3GdU9j/s400/RoundRound.jpg" border="0" alt=""id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5220901989278364306" /></a><br /><br /><span style="font-style:italic;">Square-Holed Round Coins</span><br />Early square-holed round coins seem to be found exclusively in areas associated with knife money. They come in two distinct series, the relatively common "MING" types that appear to be related to the ming knifes, and the much scarcer "I" series which seem to represent the issues of a single mint called "I". The only inscriptions they have is their monetary designation of "HUO", a character which has come to mean "knife money", but which had also become a unit of denomination by the time these coins were issued.<br /><br /><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgla-WJs88gGKlp8OsJz5Xqn1PG-7aiIdj0M41Yvec7WMHKviXjS6kC-kmAxsKI4PfMQSz-Qf7rpYixNE1s0wFDjRSQpGM8e5o3syf9F_43w6f_cUDE8s7cvj4AkqeFNjoDyfDj/s1600-h/sq-round1.jpg"><img style="display:block; margin:0px auto 10px; text-align:center;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgla-WJs88gGKlp8OsJz5Xqn1PG-7aiIdj0M41Yvec7WMHKviXjS6kC-kmAxsKI4PfMQSz-Qf7rpYixNE1s0wFDjRSQpGM8e5o3syf9F_43w6f_cUDE8s7cvj4AkqeFNjoDyfDj/s400/sq-round1.jpg" border="0" alt=""id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5220902126781916018" /></a><br /><br /><br /><a href="http://essentiallyunessential.blogspot.com/2008/11/hobby-of-kings-part-5.html">Coins Ring - New Post</a><br /><a href="http://essentiallyunessential.blogspot.com/2008/05/hobby-of-kings-part-3.html">Coins Ring - Old Post</a>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com4tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-38777558.post-73696415761495690912008-06-26T10:53:00.002+05:302012-12-11T09:44:31.732+05:30Hungarian NotationIn Microsoft, a man named Charles Simonyi created specification for writing Microsoft code. All Microsoft APIs, interfaces, technical articles, and so on use these conventions.<br />
The specification is generally referred to as Hungarian notation<br />
<br />
Hungarian notation consists of a number of conventions relating to naming:<br />
• Variables<br />
• Functions<br />
• Types and constants<br />
• Classes<br />
• Parameters<br />
<br />
Following figure shows all the prefix codes used in Hungarian notation. These codes are used to prefix variable names in most cases, along with other conventions depending on what is being named.<br />
<br />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhWQeJpzj2_ss8wOf3vka-8FUIZ8mVsxQti3bGl1czJUBKxYH00z6dlkM-PvnFv8uPO2DUoVoETMU90DstAONBx6UJvICMTJNkKFdLMrX-KgWik4d8UxfkxwPBTmlcF7hzkV5bN/s1600-h/1.bmp" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5205670493793119954" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhWQeJpzj2_ss8wOf3vka-8FUIZ8mVsxQti3bGl1czJUBKxYH00z6dlkM-PvnFv8uPO2DUoVoETMU90DstAONBx6UJvICMTJNkKFdLMrX-KgWik4d8UxfkxwPBTmlcF7hzkV5bN/s400/1.bmp" style="cursor: pointer; display: block; margin: 0px auto 10px; text-align: center;" /></a><br />
<br />
<span style="font-weight: bold;">Variable Naming</span><br />
<br />
With Hungarian notation, variables are prefixed by the codes mentioned in above figure. In addition, if a variable name is made up of one or more subnames, each subname is capitalized.<br />
<br />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhOQmJxUFdNSdmb5oiEUUxqk3BW19JK1Hzdo9C0nZKN7vxL1MfRFqL4YfPkAABk-8PRhxptpxh1JttSS2S1gnGODBUPY5wzfWA0YpdP92Qg6L5Ie4DfaKrrzf0EnkSwvegshC6x/s1600-h/2.bmp" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5205670811620699874" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhOQmJxUFdNSdmb5oiEUUxqk3BW19JK1Hzdo9C0nZKN7vxL1MfRFqL4YfPkAABk-8PRhxptpxh1JttSS2S1gnGODBUPY5wzfWA0YpdP92Qg6L5Ie4DfaKrrzf0EnkSwvegshC6x/s400/2.bmp" style="cursor: pointer; display: block; margin: 0px auto 10px; text-align: center;" /></a><br />
Basically, you begin the variable with g_, or sometimes just plain g.<br />
<br />
<br />
<span style="font-weight: bold;">Function Naming</span><br />
<br />
Functions are named in the same way variables are, but without the prefixes. In other words, just capitalize all the first letters of subnames. Here are some examples:<br />
<br />
<span style="font-style: italic;">int PlotPixel(int ix, int iy, int ic);<br />void *MemScan(char *szString);</span><br />
<br />
Also, underscores are illegal. For example, the following wouldn’t be a valid<br />
Hungarian-compliant function name:<br />
<br />
<span style="font-style: italic;">int Get_Pixel(int ix, int iy);</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-weight: bold;">Type and Constant Naming</span><br />
<br />
All types and constants are in uppercase, but you’re allowed to use underscores in the names. For example:<br />
<br />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi_uGvOOxd8HZXD3U2OcHT3_zCvCHmlu0cxmngtvRybngso3IIw3omFmmC3v23mIYWNZ-iWJT5XOyziV3tYKYdH9nV1OIzI-MwFEnQPZLeOON2Zmd8B55hGUBa6IBo3bM-1EHnw/s1600-h/3.bmp" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5205671043548933874" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi_uGvOOxd8HZXD3U2OcHT3_zCvCHmlu0cxmngtvRybngso3IIw3omFmmC3v23mIYWNZ-iWJT5XOyziV3tYKYdH9nV1OIzI-MwFEnQPZLeOON2Zmd8B55hGUBa6IBo3bM-1EHnw/s400/3.bmp" style="cursor: pointer; display: block; margin: 0px auto 10px; text-align: center;" /></a><br />
<br />
<span style="font-weight: bold;">Class Naming</span><br />
<br />
All C++ classes must be prefixed by a capital C, and the first letter of each subname of the class name must be capitalized. Here is an example:<br />
<br />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjxj8rHy46XGZgYInpEr-JwoVgSIrEhyphenhyphenMxgKxREKvHrcSgRodTtWFeVBUzLHQ8mr9DpMDvvjBi74F835T6xvJe4qO2GbvvxyDuEP7SPC95w-NZd9ozVoCkUthum-68xIaMEwAhL/s1600-h/4.bmp" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5205671292657037058" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjxj8rHy46XGZgYInpEr-JwoVgSIrEhyphenhyphenMxgKxREKvHrcSgRodTtWFeVBUzLHQ8mr9DpMDvvjBi74F835T6xvJe4qO2GbvvxyDuEP7SPC95w-NZd9ozVoCkUthum-68xIaMEwAhL/s400/4.bmp" style="cursor: pointer; display: block; margin: 0px auto 10px; text-align: center;" /></a><br />
<br />
<span style="font-weight: bold;">Parameter Naming</span><br />
<br />
Parameters to functions follow the same naming conventions that normal variables do.<br />
However, this is not a necessity. For example, you might see a function definition that looks like this:<br />
<br />
<span style="font-style: italic;">UCHAR GetPixel(int x, int y);</span><br />
<br />
In this case, the more Hungarian prototype would be<br />
<br />
<span style="font-style: italic;">UCHAR GetPixel(int ix, int iy);</span><br />
<br />
Also you might not even see the variable names, but just the types, as in this example:<br />
<br />
<span style="font-style: italic;">UCHAR GetPixel(int, int);</span><br />
<br />
Of course, this would only be used for the prototype, and the real function declaration must have variable names to bind to.<br />
<br />
<br />
<a href="http://essentiallyunessential.blogspot.in/2012/12/dynamic-variable-names-in-c.html">Programming Ring - New Post</a><br />
<a href="http://essentiallyunessential.blogspot.com/2008/05/building-c-programs-in-linux_19.html">Programming Ring - Old Post</a>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-38777558.post-509302511656267632008-06-17T12:08:00.002+05:302008-07-29T11:51:23.898+05:30The Road Not Taken by Robert FrostTwo roads diverged in a yellow wood,<br />And sorry I could not travel both<br />And be one traveler, long I stood<br />And looked down one as far as I could<br />To where it bent in the undergrowth;<br />Then took the other, as just as fair,<br />And having perhaps the better claim,<br />Because it was grassy and wanted wear;<br />Though as for that the passing there<br />Had worn them really about the same,<br />And both that morning equally lay<br />In leaves no step had trodden black.<br />Oh, I kept the first for another day!<br />Yet knowing how way leads on to way,<br />I doubted if I should ever come back.<br />I shall be telling this with a sigh<br />Somewhere ages and ages hence:<br />Two roads diverged in a wood, and I-<br />I took the one less traveled by,<br />And that has made all the difference.<br /><br /><br /><a href="http://essentiallyunessential.blogspot.com/2008/07/where-sidewalk-ends-by-shel-silverstein.html">Poems Ring - New Post</a><br /><a href="http://essentiallyunessential.blogspot.com/2008/05/there-is-another-sky-by-emily-dickinson.html">Poems Ring - Old Post</a>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-38777558.post-51292954824857509102008-06-09T11:45:00.002+05:302008-07-29T12:04:46.546+05:30The Man Spurs Will Never Forgive - by LD on VitalFootball<a href="http://www.arsenal.vitalfootball.co.uk/article.asp?a=506261">http://www.arsenal.vitalfootball.co.uk/article.asp?a=506261</a><br /><br /><br />I've expressed my disdain for transfer news dozens of times, so with an impending summer of annoying garbage in store and no 'real' football to write about, I have decided to produce a series to replace the twenty questions gambit which will be on hiatus in the summer. (My propensity to produce series is common amongst obsessives)! So I have decided to focus on Arsenal's intimidating history to look for its pinnacle figures. Men who were responsible for the evolution of the club, either as players, managers or administrators. A club such as Arsenal is blessed with a multitude of such figures, so there are omissions. Men such as Don Howe, who has had three spells at the club including as Assistant Manager to Bertie Mee in the 71 Double triumph. Ken Friar who joined the club in 1950 as a messenger and rose to become our Chief Executive and is now our acting Managing Director. Great players such as Ted Drake, Ian Wright and Robert Pires, though beacons of our club, do not make the list. These are the men that are the perpetrators of Arsenal's fortune, men who became synonymous with the grandeur associated with Arsenal Football Club, the revoltionaries who put us on the map. Throughout the summer I'll take a whistle stop tour through the lot.<br /><br />Where else could I possibly begin? Herbert Chapman I hear you cry? No. I begin with a man who was the catalyst for our success, the man who bullied Arsenal into the collective conscious. Politician, racketeer, Machiavel. A controversial figure whose legacy can be summed up thusly. Seventy years after his death and eighty years after leaving the club, Spurs still hate him. Of course I am talking about Henry Norris. Aptly, Norris was a distant relation to a sixteenth Century diplomat of the same name who was executed for his, ahem, attention to Anne Boleyn. Like his distant Grandfather, Henry Norris would revel in befriending and betraying the upper echelons of high society. Norris was born in 1865, leaving school at 14, he developed his sharp negotiating acumen as an estate agent. He was almost solely responsible for Fulham's regeneration, he quickly acquired a fortune in property, building up a network on contacts and connections which he would later call upon to aid the Gunners. He was made Mayor of Fulham, a leading Tory and a Freemason. Norris did not so much press the flesh as pound it into submission, whether it be with his legendary charm or his fearsome bark. Norris stood at over six feet tall and wore a thick monacle, which distorted his gaze. This added to a Bond villainesque kind of presence, which he utilised fully to impose himself on detractors.<br /><br />In 1912, the well to do Norris wanted to buy a London football club and challenge the North of England's dominance in the sport. With Chelsea, Clapton Orient and Tottenham Hotspur all operating soundly, Norris knew he could barge his way onto the board of troubled Woolwich Arsenal with ease. He was the Abramovic of his time. The Arsenal board welcomed his savvy negotiating skills, as a Director of Fulham he had bartered Fulham from the Southern League to Division Two in just four years, leading to unfounded accusations of bribery. Norris wanted to merge Fulham and Arsenal, but for the only time until his ill reputed expulsion from football, the Football League blocked Norris from doing so. He was however, allowed to stay on as a Director of Fulham whilst simultaneously being Arsenal's Chairman. With the merger blocked, Sir Henry set about a contingency plan. With Woolwich Arsenal in the midst of a 1912/13 campaign that would see them relegated in front of meagre crowds in the inaccessible backwater of Plumstead (where a good deal ofmy family hail from incidentally, it's still a pain to get to) in front of tiny crowds, Norris sought about moving Arsenal into the London Borough of Islington. He set his sights on Finsbury Park, a short jaunt from the West End, better transport links and a much bigger population.<br /><br />Using his swelling address book, Norris secured six acres of land owned by the St. John's Divinity College at Avenell Road- a sight used by bishops and priests to play cricket. Of course, local clubs saw the threat. Orient, Spurs and Chelsea continued to lobby the football league to block the move. If the local NIMBYs we faced securing the Emirates looked hard work, what Norris faced was infinitely more challenging. An F.A. Committee investigated the proposed relocation, but guess what? The committee was coincidentally packed with Norris' chums and they gave it the go ahead. Next up, the Church Committee who vehemently opposed the idea of an 'ungodly' practise such as football taking place on holy grounds. But a £20,000 cheque seemed to quell their protests. Norris' friendship with the Archbishop of Canterbury cannot have harmed Norris' quests to get the deeds signed by, erm, the Archbishop of Canterbury. Norris erstwhily promised not to sell intoxicating liquor and not to host matches on holy days. Sir Henry found promises easy to make and impossible to honour. By 1915, booze was on sale in Highbury's walls and the Gunners were fulfilling home fixtures on Christmas Day.<br /><br />Norris also extended his vast network to the local press, Islington hacks that opposed the move found themselves on the breadlines rather quickly. Norris was also accused of deliberately leaking news of the move during Arsenal's 1912/13 relegation season to the local press and underinvesting in the team to strengthen his grounds for becoming football's first gypsies. Once the opposition had been bribed, charmed and removed, Norris set about constructing the ground. Having made his fortune in property and architecture, he knew exactly where to begin. Henry happened to be chummy with fellow Mason J.Whiting, the Mayor of Manchester. Norris used this contact to establish a friendship with the architect of Newton Heath's Old Trafford ground Archibald Leitch. Arsenal had their architect, Norris hired locals as labourers, the thought process being that this could set the foundations for a North London fanbase and instill a sense of local pride towards the downtrodden nomads. Tottenham countered with a press campaign pleading with North Londoners not to support 'the interlopers.'<br /><br />With Arsenal having successfully increased their fanbase with the move, Norris' most controversial act was on the horizon. The team were still not performing. They finished fifth in the Second Division in the 1914/15 season, before football was suspended for the war. Chelsea and Tottenham occupied the bottom two positions in Division 1. At the resumption of competitive football in 1919, the Football League were restructuring the football league. Norris used his legendary negotiating savvy by convincing the football league that London based Arsenal would be a more enticing prospect for the top flight than Wolves or Barnsley (who finished above Arsenal in Division Two). Norris would once more call upon backslapping from the boardroom drinks cabinet and promised his good friend the Chelsea chairman that his club would be offered a reprieve and their league status would be assured if they voted for Arsenal's promotion. Arsenal won the vote eight to eighteen and were elected tothe topflight, Wolves and Barnsley stayed down and Tottenham were relegated. The rivalry that enused lasts to this day.<br /><br />Sir Henry got his comeuppance in 1929. He was found guilty of bribing Sunderland's Charlie Buchan to sign for the Gunners in 1925, in the says of the maximum wage. (Ironically, Arsenal would be the club instrumental of the removal of the maximum wage in the early sixties). He was also found guilty of using club accounts for personal use and pocketed the £125 fee for selling the team bus. In 1929, the F.A. banned him from football for life. But Norris ensured that his upwardly mobile approach would be preserved and Arsenal's legacy would continue to grow. In 1925, he appointed Herbert Chapman as manager and the rest, as they say, is history. Norris was the man who set the foundations for the Gunners' continued success, he took a club in the doldrums and propelled them, by foul means or fair, into football's correct social circles. Arsenal would always be seen at the right parties thereafter. The North London derby is his most identifiable legacy. Years before 71 or 2004, or 1987 or Sol Campbell, Norris sewed the seeds of hatred. He ensured that the gypsies usurped the landed gentry.<br /><br />- LD<br /><br /><br /><span style="font-weight:bold;">Sick as a parrot </span><br />An interesting side story to the whole 1919 vote is apparently the origin of the football cliche sick as a parrot. In 1908 Tottenham had gone on a tour of Argentina. On the ship on the way home and in recognition of their success the ships parrot was presented to the club by the captain. It survived happily at the club for ten years - dying on the day that Arsenal were given Spurs' place in the first division in 1919. <br />- Amos.<br /><br /><br /><br /><a href="http://essentiallyunessential.blogspot.com/2007/10/founder-of-arsenal-fc.html">Arsenal Ring - Old Post</a>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-38777558.post-59569350278132254282008-05-29T11:07:00.002+05:302008-07-09T13:44:42.356+05:30There is another sky by Emily DickinsonThere is another sky,<br />Ever serene and fair,<br />And there is another sunshine,<br />Though it be darkness there;<br />Never mind faded forests, Austin,<br />Never mind silent fields -<br />Here is a little forest,<br />Whose leaf is ever green;<br />Here is a brighter garden,<br />Where not a frost has been;<br />In its unfading flowers<br />I hear the bright bee hum:<br />Prithee, my brother,<br />Into my garden come!<br /><br /><a href="http://essentiallyunessential.blogspot.com/2008/06/road-not-taken-by-robert-frost.html">Poems Ring - New Post</a><br /><a href="http://essentiallyunessential.blogspot.com/2008/04/temptations.html">Poems Ring - Old Post</a>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com3tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-38777558.post-18795868750302402582008-05-19T11:13:00.003+05:302008-07-29T12:06:04.063+05:30Building C++ programs in LinuxThis is very basic guide for getting anyone started with building and debugging C/C++ code in GDB.<br /><br />I will put forth information about building in Linux. The best reference book for this is "Advanced Linux Programming" which is available for free<br /><br /><a href="Advanced Linux Programming">http://www.advancedlinuxprogramming.com</a><br /><br /><br /><span style="font-weight:bold;">Building your own C++ code in linux.</span><br />I will take code sample which my friend Hari used while giving us GDB training sessions. He used the following code to explain us the way to use GDB for debugging.<br /><br />list.h:- <br /><pre style="font-family: Verdana, sans serif;"><br />#ifndef __LLIST_HEADER_INC__<br />#define __LLIST_HEADER_INC__<br /><br />//////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////<br />#include <stdio.h><br />//////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////<br />// class LinkedList definition begins<br /><br />class LinkedList<br />{<br /> struct LLItem<br /> {<br /> int value;<br /> struct LLItem *next, *prev;<br /> };<br /><br /> public:<br /> LinkedList ();<br /> ~LinkedList ();<br /><br /> void push (int val);<br /> int pop ();<br /> size_t size () { return m_iSize; };<br /> <br /> private:<br /> LLItem* m_pFirstNode, *m_pCurNode;<br /> size_t m_iSize;<br />};<br /><br />#endif // __LLIST_HEADER_INC__<br /><br /><br />List.cpp:-<br />#include "list.hpp"<br /><br />//////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////<br />// class LinkedList implementation begins<br /><br />LinkedList::LinkedList ()<br />: m_pFirstNode(NULL), m_pCurNode(NULL)<br />{<br />}<br /><br />LinkedList::~LinkedList()<br />{<br /> m_pCurNode = m_pFirstNode;<br /> LLItem* tnode;<br /> while (m_pCurNode)<br /> {<br /> tnode = m_pCurNode->next;<br /> delete m_pCurNode;<br /> m_pCurNode = tnode;<br /> }<br /> m_pFirstNode = NULL;<br /> m_pCurNode = NULL;<br />}<br /><br />void LinkedList::push (int val)<br />{<br /> LLItem* cnode = m_pFirstNode;<br /> while (cnode && cnode->next)<br /> {<br /> cnode = cnode->next;<br /> }<br /> <br /> LLItem* tnode = new LLItem ();<br /> tnode->value = val;<br /> cnode->next = tnode;<br /> tnode->prev = cnode;<br /> tnode->next = NULL;<br /> <br /> ++m_iSize;<br />}<br /><br />int LinkedList::pop ()<br />{<br /> LLItem* cnode = m_pFirstNode;<br /> while (cnode && cnode->next)<br /> {<br /> cnode = cnode->next;<br /> }<br /> <br /> int value = cnode->value;<br /> LLItem* pnode = cnode->prev;<br /> pnode->next = NULL;<br /> delete cnode;<br /> --m_iSize;<br /> <br /> return value;<br />}<br /><br />// class LinkedList implementation ends<br />//////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////<br /><br />Main.cpp:-<br />#include "list.h"<br />#include <iostream><br />#include <cstdlib><br /><br />int<br />main ()<br />{<br /> LinkedList* ll = new LinkedList ();<br /> size_t list_size = 100000;<br /> for (size_t i = 0; i < list_size; ++i)<br /> {<br /> ll->push (random ());<br /> }<br /> for (size_t i = 0; i < list_size; ++i)<br /> {<br /> std::cout << "Popped element " << ll->pop () << std::endl;<br /> std::cout << "The current size is " << ll->size () << std::endl;<br /> }<br /> return 0;<br />}<br /><br /></pre><br /><br /><br />The above code is linked list code. It's a buildable code however on execution, it will give segmentation fault. I have placed the code in my $HOME/LinkedList area. The files present are main.cpp, list.h and list.cpp<br /><br /><br /><span style="font-weight:bold;">Creating Object File.</span><br /><br />The C++ compiler is called g++ while a C compiler is called gcc. The method of operating is very similiar. Suppose you have main.c, then to compile it, following is the command<br /><br /><span style="font-style:italic;">% gcc -c main.c</span><br /><br />To compile a C source file, you use the -c option. The resulting object file is named main.o.<br /><br />To compile c++ file we use g++ in similiar way<br /><br /><span style="font-style:italic;">% g++ -c list.cpp</span><br /><br />The -c option tells g++ to compile the program to an object file only; without it, g++ will attempt to link the program to produce an executable. After you’ve typed this command, you’ll have an object file called list.o. Similiarly<br /><br />Some other options are required when building large applications. The -I option is used to tell GCC where to search for header files. By default, GCC looks in the current directory and in the directories where headers for the standard libraries are installed. If you need to include header files from somewhere else, you’ll need the -I option. <br /><br />In our case if we have kept out main.cpp in the $HOME/LinkedList area and placed our list.hpp in $HOME/LinkedList/Include area then we need to include the path of .hpp file while building.<br /><br /><span style="font-style:italic;">% g++ -c -I ../include list..cpp</span><br /><br />Note:- On doing "pwd" at prompt, It should display path $HOME/LinkedList <br /><br />If you’re really building production code, you probably want to have GCC optimize the code so that it runs as quickly as possible.You can do this by using the -O2 command-line option. (GCC has several different levels of optimization; the second<br />level is appropriate for most programs.) For example, the following compiles list.cpp with optimization turned on:<br /><br /><span style="font-style:italic;">% g++ -c -O2 list.cpp</span><br /><br /><br /><span style="font-weight:bold;">Linking Object Files</span><br /><br />Now we have objects of both main.cpp and list.cpp. One should always use g++ to link a program that contains C++ code, even if it also contains C code. If your program contains only C code, you should use gcc instead.<br />We link our code in following manner.<br /><br /><span style="font-style:italic;">% g++ -o llist main.o llist.o</span><br /><br />The -o option gives the name of the file to generate as output from the link step. g++ automatically links in the standard C runtime library containing the implementation of standard functions which have been used in code like cout, cin..... If one needs to link in another library, you would have to specifically link those library's with -l option. In Linux, library names almost always start with lib. For example, the Pluggable Authentication Module (PAM) library is called libpam.a. To link in libpam.a, you use a command like this:<br /><br /><span style="font-style:italic;">% g++ -o llist main.o llist.o -lpam</span><br /><br />The compiler automatically adds the lib prefix and the .a suffix. As with header files, the linker looks for libraries in some standard places, including the /lib and /usr/lib directories that contain the standard system libraries. If one wants the linker to search other directories as well, one should use the -L option, which is the parallel of the -I option. For example.<br /><br /><span style="font-style:italic;">% g++ -ollist main.o llist.o -L/usr/local/lib/pam -lpam</span><br /><br />Although you don’t have to use the -I option to get the preprocessor to search the current directory, you do have to use the -L option to get the linker to search the current directory. In particular, you could use the following to instruct the linker to find the test library in the current directory:<br /><br /><span style="font-style:italic;">% gcc -o llist main.o llist.o -L. -ltest</span><br /><br />Automated Object Building and Linking using Makefile.<br /><br />The basic idea behind make is simple.One tells make what targets you want to build and then give rules explaining how to build them. One also specify dependencies that indicate when a particular target should be rebuilt. In our case, we have three target:- main.o, list.o and and llist.<br /><br />Our llist depends upon our list.o and main.o. So for linking and creating our executable files, we need those two objects already created. Also the object files should be rebuilt whenever the corresponding source files change. On top of it, changes to the header file should result in all the source files including it to be rebuilt. In our case list.hpp also should cause both of the<br />object files to be rebuilt because both source files include that header file.<br /><br />Also one might want to remove previously created object files and programs and then start fresh built. The rule<br />for this target uses the rm command to remove the files.<br /><br />Here’s what Makefile contains:<br /><br /><span style="font-style:italic;">llist: main.o list.o<br />g++ $(CFLAGS) -o llist main.o list.o<br /><br />main.o: main.c list.hpp<br />g++ $(CFLAGS) -c main.cpp<br /><br />list.o: list.cpp list.hpp<br />g++ $(CFLAGS) -c list.cpp<br /><br />clean:<br />rm -f *.o llist</span><br /><br />You can see that targets are listed on the left, followed by a colon and then any dependencies.<br />The rule to build that target is on the next line. The line with the rule on it must start with a Tab character, or make<br />will get confused.<br /><br />If one types only <br /><br /><span style="font-style:italic;">% make</span><br /><br />on the command-line, you’ll see the following:<br /><span style="font-style:italic;">% make<br />g++ -c main.cpp<br />g++ -c list.cpp<br />g++ -o llist main.o list.o</span><br /><br />You can see that make has automatically built the object files and then linked them. If you now change main.cpp in some trivial way and type make again, you’ll see the following:<br /><br /><span style="font-style:italic;">% make<br />g++ -c main.cpp<br />g++ -o llist main.o list.o</span><br /><br />Following command will clean the object files<br /><br /><span style="font-style:italic;">% make clean<br />rm -f *.o llist</span><br /><br />The $(CFLAGS) is a make variable.You can define this variable either in the Makefile itself or on the command line. GNU make will substitute the value of the variable when it executes the rule. So, for example, to recompile with optimization enabled, you would do this:<br /><span style="font-style:italic;"><br />% make CFLAGS=-O2<br />g++ -O2 -c main.cpp<br />g++ -O2 -c list.cpp<br />g++ -o llist main.o list.o</span><br /><br />For debugging with GDB, one will have to compile with debugging information enabled. Do this by adding the -g switch on the compilation command line. So we build using -g flag in makefile<br /><br /><span style="font-style:italic;">% make CFLAGS=-g<br />g++ -g -c main.cpp<br />g++ -g -c list.cpp<br />g++ -g -o llist main.o list.o</span><br /><br />When one compiles with -g, the compiler includes extra information in the object files and executables.The debugger uses this information to figure out which addresses correspond to which lines in which source files, how to print out local variables, and so forth.<br /><br /><br /><a href="http://essentiallyunessential.blogspot.com/2008/06/hungarian-notation.html">Programming Ring - New Post</a><br /><a href="http://essentiallyunessential.blogspot.com/2007/10/c-notes.html">Programming Ring - Old Post</a>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com19tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-38777558.post-45626619006162266042008-05-13T23:31:00.004+05:302012-12-11T10:06:56.179+05:30BirthdayWell today is m birthday....Born on 13th :)<br />
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Some quotes...<br />
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<span style="font-style: italic;"><span style="font-weight: bold;">How do you expect me to remember your birthday, when you never look any older? happy birthday!<br /><br />May u grow to be toothless!<br /><br />God think the world is beautiful then he born u<br /><br />Today is a day of celebration. why? because, years ago on the same day, god sent me my flesh and bone conscience. wishing my friendly inner voice a very happy birthday.<br /><br />Hey,u r 1 year older now,1 year smarter now,1 year bigger now,and now u r 1 year closer to all your wishes.happy birthday<br /><br />Not just a year older, but a year better.<br /><br />Here's to another year of experience. <br /><br />Age is all but a number.</span></span><br />
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<a href="http://essentiallyunessential.blogspot.in/2008/08/veer-savarkar-hindutva-and-eradication.html">General Post Ring - New Post</a><br />
<a href="http://essentiallyunessential.blogspot.com/2008/04/good-books-to-read.html">General Post Ring - Old Post</a>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-38777558.post-32557508084270712232008-05-02T14:14:00.016+05:302008-07-09T12:36:44.268+05:30Hobby of Kings - Part 3<span style="font-style:italic;">All information taken from various sites:- I will mention all possible sites in Hobby of Kings - Part 6. I personally have no information nor coins about coins of Lydia. I t is just that I found articles about them on websites, so I am just putting some basic information together at one place.<br /></span><br /><br /><span style="font-weight:bold;">Coins of Lydia:-</span><br /><br /><br />Map of the Aegean world c. 800-600 BC, at the time Lydian Lions were minted. The areas in pink, including Athens, were controlled by the Ionian Greeks. The areas in orange, including Sparta, were controlled by the Dorian Greeks. The areas in yellow were controlled by other Greeks. The areas in light green, including Lydia, Thrace, and Macedonia, were controlled by non-Greeks, though the Macedonians were closely related to the Greeks and moving toward integration with Greece and the Lydians, with their capital of Sardis, were in close contact with the Ionian Greeks. (Map courtesy of Hypatia.org.) <br /><br /><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjY_KD-iSycCREcWxHItorTqHeRqNwyS1cZgvpzDhRREhgptOPG1MG5TLB0Bn8xfThshqZd3VisYWMo2PIDl0slzGJ4wzG4g8_LWSVCLS3atUhUKCETqOEH6ShVMLggcGdajHUT/s1600-h/lydia.jpg"><img style="display:block; margin:0px auto 10px; text-align:center;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjY_KD-iSycCREcWxHItorTqHeRqNwyS1cZgvpzDhRREhgptOPG1MG5TLB0Bn8xfThshqZd3VisYWMo2PIDl0slzGJ4wzG4g8_LWSVCLS3atUhUKCETqOEH6ShVMLggcGdajHUT/s400/lydia.jpg" border="0" alt=""id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5195708844366603714" /></a><br /><br />South western part of present day Turkey was known in antiquity as Lydia. Ionians (greek settlers on the east coast of Asia minor) described their eastern neighbors Lydians as the people with dark hair and olive colored skin. There was a vigorous trade between the Ionian city states and Lydian kingdom. Lydian rulers and Ionian city state rulers were also related by marriage. Many historians and archaeologists speculate that increased trade was a spark for invention of the coins. Coins might had facilitated a move from cumbersome barter system of trade to simple system based on the money. Others speculate that they were stuck as offerings to the Gods in their religious ceremonies. Lydian coins found in Ionian mainland temple of Greek goddess Artemis (Romans called her Diana) during archeological excavation in 1951 gives credence to such speculation. Logically, both ideas make sense but we may never know. <br /><br />‘The Lydians,’ says Herodotus , ‘were the first people we know of to strike coins of gold and of silver’. Writings of Herodotus (greek historian) also tell us that Lydian king Croesus had given great number of coins to the temple at Delphi. Croesus asked advice from the Oracle as to the success of his invasion of Persian kingdom. The Oracle told him that if he crossed the river he would destroy a great kingdom. Encouraged, he proceeded with the invasion. Ironically, Persian King Cyrus the Great won the war in 546 BCE and destroyed Lydian kingdom. Persian King acquired the Lydian mints and technology of making quality coins. Persians added copper to gold to prevent easy wear and tear of soft pure gold coins. Thus coin minting spread to Persia.<br /><br />The dating of Lydian Lion coins is "the most challenging question in ancient Greek numismatic scholarship," according to Nicholas Cahill and John H. Kroll. I believe the Lydian electrum trites were minted during the reign of King Alyattes, c. 610-560 BC,[73]and that the first Lydian coinage was minted during the early part of Alyattes' reign (scholars disagree on the years of Alyattes' reign, with the date of his assuming power ranging between 619 and 609 BC and the date of his death typically being 561 or 560 BC). Alyattes was the father of Kroisos (Croesus), the Lydian king of legendary wealth who was likely the first to strike coins of pure gold and silver. The Mermnad (Mermnadae) dynasty of Lydia consisted of, in chronological order, Gyges, Ardys, Sadyattes, Alyattes, and Kroisos (Croesus).<br /><br />Passing from these statements of ancient writers to an examination of the earliest Asiatic essays in the craft of coining, we are led to ascribe to the seventh century B.C., and probably to the reign of Gyges (B.C. 687- 652), the founder of the dynasty of the Mermnadae and of the new Lydian empire, as distinguished from the Lydia of more remote antiquity, the first issues of the Lydian mint. Between 600-575 BCE, mainland greek city states learned technology of coin making and started producing their own coins. Silver coins started appearing in Aegina (595-456 BCE), Athens (575 BCE), Corinth (570 BCE). Thus coins spread to the western part of the eurasian continent.<br /><br />Alyattes is infrequently referred to as Alyattes II. One well-respected ancient coin auction house recently changed its attributions of these coins to Alyattes II, and a few other auction houses and dealers have since followed suit. Wikipedia uses "Alyattes II," based on the online Encyclopaedia of the Orient, though this online work provides no references. The auction house that uses "Alyattes II" said it bases this on John Lempriere's 1788 Classical Dictionary (Biblioteca Classica), its full name being Classical Dictionary of Proper Names Mentioned in Ancient Authors Writ Large, With Chronological Table. This may have been the source used by the online Encyclopaedia of the Orient as well. But Classical Dictionary also doesn't reference its source of the "Alyattes II" usage.<br /><br />It's likely that Classical Dictionary based it usage on ancient epigraphs or on works whose usage was based on ancient epigraphs, epigraphs being lists of kings on clay tablets and other media. According to the epigraphic tradition,, "Alyattes I" was an earlier king of Lydia, during the eighth century BC, and part of the Tylonid dynasty. The Tylonid dynasty allegedly consisted of Ardys I, Alyattes I, Myrsos, and Kandaules and preceded the Mermnad dynasty. The Tylonid dynasty, in turn, was allegedly preceded by the Heraklid (Sons of Herakles) dynasty, though sometimes the two dynasties are referred to as one, the Heraklid/Tylonid dynasty. According to these lists, the demigod Herakles was the progenitor of the Lydians.<br /><br />Early numismatists such as Barclay Head believed that Lydian coins were minted as early as c. 700 BC,or even earlier, and some dealers today still date these coins the way they were dated a century ago, following "high chronology." But much archeological evidence has surfaced since then, and the dating of Lydian Lions has been inching forward in time, with most numismatists today arguing for later dating, or "low chronology." Kraay in 1976 wrote that the first coins were minted in "the second half of the seventh century BC,"Price in 1983 "the last quarter of the seventh century [BC],"G.K. Jenkins in 1990 "no earlier than in the late seventh century BC,"Carradice in 1995 likely from "the late seventh to early sixth centuries BC,"and Le Rider in 2001 not "before 590-580 [BC]."<br /><br />First coins of Lydia were lumps of electrum (naturally occurring amalgam of silver & gold). Electurm lumps were found in mountain streams of Lydia. They were heated to soften, placed on a plate and struck with a punch and hammer. This formed an incuse on one side and marked them as coins. <br /><br />These coins were produced at a mint constructed by Lydian king Ardys (652-15 BCE) in the capital city of Sardis. They were not true coins by present day definition because they were not of any standard weight & purity of metal or size. Smaller coin has one square incuse and larger coin has two square incuses on obverse and rough surface on reverse<br /><br /><span style="font-weight:bold;">1 Stater coin of electrum of Lydia at the time of King Ardys (652-15 BCE)</span><br /><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi1X2wyF7WT31QTS1OD_DZERz57d9esXXwapzzA8H4fZadfiFQjsJxnsWOyxxMAVb1VVyfNFT9D-dNkQ9HDF15EFKIt5c05BuvXx_1AkxXtyxjhJ65I7G25DISLHK4X1NjAgmsz/s1600-h/EarlyElectrumo.jpg"><img style="display:block; margin:0px auto 10px; text-align:center;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi1X2wyF7WT31QTS1OD_DZERz57d9esXXwapzzA8H4fZadfiFQjsJxnsWOyxxMAVb1VVyfNFT9D-dNkQ9HDF15EFKIt5c05BuvXx_1AkxXtyxjhJ65I7G25DISLHK4X1NjAgmsz/s320/EarlyElectrumo.jpg" border="0" alt=""id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5195704180032120130" /></a><br /><br /><span style="font-weight:bold;">1/3 Stater coin of Lydia</span><br /><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjrWwB-9tp85eTYMRdO0oGqm2pYp8eP34pEKMmj5Y9mofoLPCeRmuLB_H7qBr22P0Z4w8bIxYat87i-KD5JL8ceK6HyGhog2XskDNBX4yObciGk7Dz33b11dNqB3YS67ZyJtxDF/s1600-h/EarlyElectrumSmallo.jpg"><img style="display:block; margin:0px auto 10px; text-align:center;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjrWwB-9tp85eTYMRdO0oGqm2pYp8eP34pEKMmj5Y9mofoLPCeRmuLB_H7qBr22P0Z4w8bIxYat87i-KD5JL8ceK6HyGhog2XskDNBX4yObciGk7Dz33b11dNqB3YS67ZyJtxDF/s320/EarlyElectrumSmallo.jpg" border="0" alt=""id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5195704557989242194" /></a><br /><br /><br />Later king of Lydia, Alyattes (610-561 BCE), son of Ardys set a weight standard for the coin (168 grains of wheat for Stater). The earliest issues, thought to date from the reign of Alyattes (about 610–560 BC) or perhaps his predecessor Sadyattes—both of the Mermnad dynasty—feature the Lydian kings’ emblem of a roaring lion, almost always with a curious knob, often called a “nose wart,” on its forehead. Reid Goldsborough has written a very thorough review of what is known about the history of these electrum lion coins of Lydia, and his essay includes citations to the relevant technical literature on the subject. Advancements in metallurgy at this time created coins using anvil die to make a design on the reverse of the coin. Lion''s head was the symbol of Mermnad dynasty. Standard weight met the second condition to be a true coin.<br /><br /><span style="font-weight:bold;">Stater of Lydia at the time of King Alyattes (610-561 BCE)</span><br />Two square incuses on obverse and head of a lion on reverse.<br /><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgTgyt0FpLsWIjd-LIyUP3MDTu5kFhXVxJh0qi_TLfkbxgETxEuObOVSTEdq3MVKV0KYJZ_k1OxzrAQD4dXIkbRnaP3Lmlid0r4NYaQkubSUJ35KU7K_pcYqEpceEo4-6m0FYRQ/s1600-h/Alyattes1o.jpg"><img style="display:block; margin:0px auto 10px; text-align:center;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgTgyt0FpLsWIjd-LIyUP3MDTu5kFhXVxJh0qi_TLfkbxgETxEuObOVSTEdq3MVKV0KYJZ_k1OxzrAQD4dXIkbRnaP3Lmlid0r4NYaQkubSUJ35KU7K_pcYqEpceEo4-6m0FYRQ/s320/Alyattes1o.jpg" border="0" alt=""id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5195705069090350434" /></a><br /><br />Credit of producing true coins in Lydia goes to King Coresus ( 561-46 BCE ) son of Alyattes. He set the standards for purity of metal (98 % gold or silver) and official seal of king on the obverse ( head a lion and Bull). This official seal guaranteed the value of the coin by the King. This met the third condition to be a true coin of the modern definition. <br /><br /><span style="font-weight:bold;">Gold stater of King Coresus ( 561-46 BCE )</span><br />Head a lion and bull on reverse and two square incuses on obverse.<br /><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiREUp4tqUuJeKZlm98csxs4MU835chyphenhyphengsTGTyyf-sSVL9lpeHzQ7gpLjixRcOrH42LcjiWnWjRgisGPrIa8yGKi_a-eOWkai3lYlg4OGpbzWg15IxJA7arJXAgG6Id13ml4MYL/s1600-h/CroesusGold1o.jpg"><img style="display:block; margin:0px auto 10px; text-align:center;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiREUp4tqUuJeKZlm98csxs4MU835chyphenhyphengsTGTyyf-sSVL9lpeHzQ7gpLjixRcOrH42LcjiWnWjRgisGPrIa8yGKi_a-eOWkai3lYlg4OGpbzWg15IxJA7arJXAgG6Id13ml4MYL/s320/CroesusGold1o.jpg" border="0" alt=""id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5195705709040477554" /></a><br /><br /><span style="font-weight:bold;">Silver Double Siglos coin of King Coresus ( 561-46 BCE )</span><br />Head a lion and bull on reverse and two square incuses on obverse<br /><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjdTReTP5fwJAE-0BZ95dGQnrRggEkPGQmXJq3z-4fKaeJqvWtnZaHzT0lI3QnD_L_Ea3EtfgBMN8v30gYJ0_JCgINO43STk3G9WHzvwO1tUf9vl4IWxL6XsbuVin6O1cRBY_Bd/s1600-h/CroesusSilver1o.jpg"><img style="display:block; margin:0px auto 10px; text-align:center;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjdTReTP5fwJAE-0BZ95dGQnrRggEkPGQmXJq3z-4fKaeJqvWtnZaHzT0lI3QnD_L_Ea3EtfgBMN8v30gYJ0_JCgINO43STk3G9WHzvwO1tUf9vl4IWxL6XsbuVin6O1cRBY_Bd/s320/CroesusSilver1o.jpg" border="0" alt=""id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5195706112767403394" /></a><br /><br /><br /><span style="font-weight:bold;">Lydian electrum trite (4.71g, 13x10x4 mm). </span><br /><br /><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjR9YB1by-HxKelYk89uz6pOGYSW7gi9tNO5rhnZ3h8BMhHaxLl6WotMpcbRsOuks4C-fENyxnhafNNsigb6TuUOGYGR0Wu_pFxkGv7QZV6r-2i9VX2FmAxFLgQA90JsFD62a1b/s1600-h/Lydian_trite_15_o.jpg"><img style="display:block; margin:0px auto 10px; text-align:center;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjR9YB1by-HxKelYk89uz6pOGYSW7gi9tNO5rhnZ3h8BMhHaxLl6WotMpcbRsOuks4C-fENyxnhafNNsigb6TuUOGYGR0Wu_pFxkGv7QZV6r-2i9VX2FmAxFLgQA90JsFD62a1b/s320/Lydian_trite_15_o.jpg" border="0" alt=""id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5195707955308373394" /></a><br /><br />This coin type, made of a gold and silver alloy, was in all likelihood the world's first, minted by King Alyattes in Sardis, Lydia, Asia Minor (present-day Turkey), c. 610-600 BC. It can be attributed, among other ways, as Weidauer 59-75 (Type 15). <br />The specimen pictured above weighs 4.71 grams, has a diameter of 13mm at its widest, and at 4mm, is thick as a nugget. It likely consists of about 55 percent gold, 43 percent silver, 2 percent copper, and trace amounts of lead and iron, with the the later variety consiting of slightly lower gold and higher silver, based upon analyses of these coins by a number of different researchers. The above variety can be attributed, among other ways, as Weidauer Type 15 and Mitchiner Group C.<br /><br /><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgqKAS5pCtYVUqjZF_tvx0jRlljOBlogcm-lfwDgKd2OEo8E9phgc_mbqorWBC2wlL2_QLtV7rqF9DiFIp14ty9sW0OnRmmws2kZ3lLoWCU6j-xB4m40KqjINfbAHt87GVBHo5s/s1600-h/rjo-55.jpg"><img style="display:block; margin:0px auto 10px; text-align:center;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgqKAS5pCtYVUqjZF_tvx0jRlljOBlogcm-lfwDgKd2OEo8E9phgc_mbqorWBC2wlL2_QLtV7rqF9DiFIp14ty9sW0OnRmmws2kZ3lLoWCU6j-xB4m40KqjINfbAHt87GVBHo5s/s320/rjo-55.jpg" border="0" alt=""id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5195708500769220018" /></a><br /><br />RJO 55. Electrum 1/12 stater (1.19 g), about 610–560 BC. Obverse: lion’s head right with “nose wart.” Reverse: square incuse punch. A clear and well-centered example of Weidauer’s Type XVI, which is distinguished by the large number of chevrons on the lion’s neck (Weidauer, 1975: 24–25, pl. 10).<br /><br /><br /><br />Some Other Coins Information:-<br /><br /><span style="font-weight:bold;">1) Thanjavur and Madurai Nayaks</span><br /><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiAuzAZ4V7PBov_EMlzhnhb8L_An0Z20dSvN7VJpwekgFTLiDpCS2P671bggvDOei-sRLIfs96i1_3q1wqRwud7Nu1k6DdAyqRxgruMQNyPcGOwF1ih0BJhIWU1_9T-UOfUQvi_/s1600-h/nayaks.bmp"><img style="display:block; margin:0px auto 10px; text-align:center;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiAuzAZ4V7PBov_EMlzhnhb8L_An0Z20dSvN7VJpwekgFTLiDpCS2P671bggvDOei-sRLIfs96i1_3q1wqRwud7Nu1k6DdAyqRxgruMQNyPcGOwF1ih0BJhIWU1_9T-UOfUQvi_/s400/nayaks.bmp" border="0" alt=""id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5195709157899216338" /></a><br /><br />3 coins are thanjavuar nayaks, 4th one is Madurai Nayak<br />sivaligam in one side and ram and laxeman in other sied<br /><br />coin obv : ram lax and sita<br />rev standing king <br /><br /><br /><span style="font-weight:bold;">2)Empress Maria Theresa (1740-1780)</span><br /><a href="http://www.jdsworld.net/article/m_theresa_thalers.html">http://www.jdsworld.net/article/m_theresa_thalers.html</a><br /><br /><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhbDLbqGwg_4cRVKkr1TJ7ykDzsF9DPGbasP4tkoV01epTN1dosZY-ju4DE6Uw2JQY6LaSPbKXDGG1_txTa6pDkGWREIvkn5diQ_mjXDRaJrh93tibS27RqxHwJ99fqGf2cf-Oy/s1600-h/thaler.bmp"><img style="display:block; margin:0px auto 10px; text-align:center;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhbDLbqGwg_4cRVKkr1TJ7ykDzsF9DPGbasP4tkoV01epTN1dosZY-ju4DE6Uw2JQY6LaSPbKXDGG1_txTa6pDkGWREIvkn5diQ_mjXDRaJrh93tibS27RqxHwJ99fqGf2cf-Oy/s400/thaler.bmp" border="0" alt=""id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5195710863001232866" /></a><br /><br />Probable:- KM23, Burgau Mint, 1780 SF/X/, Large Mature Bust Restrike, (the "SF" is located under the obverse bust as S·F· while the "X" (saltire) follows the date on the reverse as 1780·X.<br /><br /><span style="font-weight:bold;">3)Indo-Dutch Pagoda</span><br /><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgk1G3fR-mKnOnwc-Uze6nXdiUS5izaLSVC2Mt2XZbLUUt2DpllNmoAXzKZzsBpbHI9Zez0CyA36UNI2wf0ruur8pU1Pmu9o5YdGeQKmKNG7GShJWvIUPxfXkcADKlK7zHee3ov/s1600-h/indo-dutch.JPG"><img style="display:block; margin:0px auto 10px; text-align:center;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgk1G3fR-mKnOnwc-Uze6nXdiUS5izaLSVC2Mt2XZbLUUt2DpllNmoAXzKZzsBpbHI9Zez0CyA36UNI2wf0ruur8pU1Pmu9o5YdGeQKmKNG7GShJWvIUPxfXkcADKlK7zHee3ov/s400/indo-dutch.JPG" border="0" alt=""id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5195711133584172530" /></a><br /><br />AU "new Porto Nova pagoda" 1747- 1787 (Negapatnam, Tuticorin, Colombo) (1670 - 1784)<br />Obv.: Formalized full length figure of the deity Rev.: Granulated raised surface. 3,6 gram. "Porto Novo" pagodas of this type were struck at Pulicat, Negapatam and Madras.<br />Mitchener 1979, 1594. S. Scholten 1229<br /><br /><span style="font-weight:bold;">4)1/4 Karshapan - SUNGA KINGDOM</span><br /><br /><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg-waHSMaS0-KNXCdP72-0IM3-UVz1WuJJygi8mOO-5SuXXKKpYZECCYgQrvlUMUETgudJRZ0kxEzRR1pl7XmtRA-clXMDKEQOdzYGkrmLK1I6D5YT1rm_dOVQ9k1awb-pl3_sr/s1600-h/karshapanas.bmp"><img style="display:block; margin:0px auto 10px; text-align:center;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg-waHSMaS0-KNXCdP72-0IM3-UVz1WuJJygi8mOO-5SuXXKKpYZECCYgQrvlUMUETgudJRZ0kxEzRR1pl7XmtRA-clXMDKEQOdzYGkrmLK1I6D5YT1rm_dOVQ9k1awb-pl3_sr/s400/karshapanas.bmp" border="0" alt=""id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5195711421346981378" /></a><br /><br />3RD CENTURY BC<br />KAUSHAMBI REGION<br />SCARCE<br />COPPER - 1.7 GMS<br />14 MM<br />OBV: ELEPHANT WALKING TO LEFT<br />REV: THREE - ARCHED SYMBOL<br /><br /><br /><span style="font-weight:bold;">5) Western Kshatrapas</span><br /><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjzMKmJZZV9wFPSAQnU7KA2axHFV802QFfx-s9h0afM_d1cwmfbE52HMcbi1Gb7wIpwrOfj3XuvigB-rH8ipYNNekkxbaQ-6Dxt8ywkrDAr0IubJa2pE5-yb0nkjGlJ1I5fEEda/s1600-h/kshatrapas.bmp"><img style="display:block; margin:0px auto 10px; text-align:center;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjzMKmJZZV9wFPSAQnU7KA2axHFV802QFfx-s9h0afM_d1cwmfbE52HMcbi1Gb7wIpwrOfj3XuvigB-rH8ipYNNekkxbaQ-6Dxt8ywkrDAr0IubJa2pE5-yb0nkjGlJ1I5fEEda/s400/kshatrapas.bmp" border="0" alt=""id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5195711679045019154" /></a><br /><br />Visvasimha (277 - 290 AD)<br />AR Drachm<br />Dated: Saka 200 (?) (278 AD (?))<br />Senior ISCH 355; Mitchiner ACW 2744v.<br />14 mm.<br />2.22 gm.<br />Die position=5h<br />reverse<br />Obverse: Bust right with close-fitting headdress; date (Brahmi) behind head. Brahmi legend.<br />Reverse: Three-arched hill (chaitya), crescents and star above, river below; Brahmi legend.<br /><br /><br /><a href="http://essentiallyunessential.blogspot.com/2008/07/hobby-of-kings-part-4.html">Coins Ring - New Post</a><br /><a href="http://essentiallyunessential.blogspot.com/2008/04/hobby-of-kings-part-2.html">Coins Ring - Old Post</a>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-38777558.post-14261927565530235142008-04-14T13:56:00.003+05:302012-12-11T10:07:12.731+05:30Good books to readMy list of books that I plan to read in this life time.<br />
<br />
1: 100 Years of Solitude<br />
2: A House for Mr.Biswas - V.S. Naipaul<br />
3: A Modest Proposal<br />
4: A Moveable Feast<br />
5: A Wrinkle in Time by Madeleine L'Engle<br />
6: All Quiet on the Western Front by Erich Maria Remarque (1929)<br />
7: All the King's Men<br />
8: Another Week on the Concord and Merrimack Rivers<br />
9: "Artemis Fowl (Artemis Fowl: Book 1) by Eoin Colfer "<br />
10: Artemis Fowl: The Criminal Mastermind by Eoin Colfer <br />
11: Atlas Shrugged<br />
12: Barbarians at the Gate<br />
13: Birdsong by Sebastian Faulks (1993)<br />
14: Brave New World<br />
15: Brave New World by Aldous Huxley (1932)<br />
16: "Bridge to Terabithia by Katherine Paterson: Donna Diamond "<br />
17: Captain Corelli's Mandolin by Louis de Bernieres (1994)<br />
18: Catch 22 by Joseph Heller (1961)<br />
19: "Charlie and the Chocolate Factory (Puffin Novels) by Roald Dahl, Quentin Blake"<br />
20: Civil Disobedience<br />
21: Dragonology Handbook : A Practical Course in Dragons (Ologies) by Dugald Steer<br />
22: Equus<br />
23: Essays of Michel de Montaigne: Of Experience<br />
24: For Whom the Bell Tolls<br />
25: "Grim Tuesday (Keys to the Kingdom, Book 2) by Garth Nix"<br />
26: Guns Germs & Steel<br />
27: Inkspell by Cornelia Funke<br />
28: King Rat<br />
29: Lord of the Flies<br />
30: LOTR whole series<br />
31: Magic Seeds - V.S.Naipaul<br />
32: Maximum Ride : The Angel Experiment (Teen's Top 10 (Awards)) by James Patterson<br />
33: Moth Smoke<br />
34: On the Road<br />
35: One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich by Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn (1962)<br />
36: One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest<br />
37: One Hundred Years of Solitude - Gabriel Garcia Marquez<br />
38: "Ptolemy's Gate (The Bartimaeus Trilogy, Book 3) by Jonathan Stroud "<br />
39: "Requiem for a Dream, Kim"<br />
40: Rikki Tikki Tavi<br />
41: "Septimus Heap, Book Two: Flyte (Septimus Heap) by Angie Sage, Mark Zug"<br />
42: Shogun<br />
43: Starship Troopers<br />
44: "Surely You're Joking, Mr. Feynman!"<br />
45: "The Amulet of Samarkand (The Bartimaeus Trilogy, Book 1) by Jonathan Stroud"<br />
46: "The Arctic Incident (Artemis Fowl, Book 2) by Eoin Colfer "<br />
47: "The BFG by Roald Dahl, Blake Quentin"<br />
48: "The Book of Sand "<br />
49: The Brother's Karamazov<br />
50: The Curious Incident of the Dog in the Night-Time - Mark Haddon (2003)<br />
51: The Dragonfighters of Kulamain by Karen M. Penn <br />
52: The Egyptian Book of the Dead<br />
53: "The Eternity Code (Artemis Fowl, Book 3) by Eoin Colfer "<br />
54: The Giver by Lois Lowry <br />
55: The Globalization Reader<br />
56: "The Golem's Eye (The Bartimaeus Trilogy, Book 2) by Jonathan Stroud"<br />
57: The Handmaid's Tale by Margaret Atwood (1985)<br />
58: The Heart of the Matter - Graham Greene<br />
59: The House of Spirits<br />
60: "The Keys to the Kingdom, Book 1: Mister Monday by Garth Nix"<br />
61: "The Keys To the Kingdom, Book 3: Drowned Wednesday (Keys To The Kingdom, The) by Garth Nix "<br />
62: "The Keys to the Kingdom, Book 4: Sir Thursday (Keys to the Kingdom) by Garth Nix "<br />
63: The Legend of Captain Crow's Teeth (Eoin Colfer's Legend Of...) by Eoin Colfer <br />
64: The Namesake - Jhumpa Lahiri <br />
65: "The Opal Deception (Artemis Fowl, Book 4) by Eoin Colfer "<br />
66: The Sound & the Fury<br />
67: The Stranger<br />
68: "The Tale of Despereaux : Being the Story of a Mouse, a Princess, Some Soup, and a Spool of Thread (Newbery Medal Book) by Kate Dicamillo, Timothy B. Ering "<br />
69: To Kill a Mockingbird by Harper Lee (1960)<br />
70: Tuck Everlasting by Natalie Babbitt<br />
71: Waiting for Godot<br />
72: Warriors: The New Prophecy #1: Midnight (Warriors: The New Prophecy) by Erin Hunter<br />
73: Warriors: The New Prophecy #2: Moonrise (Warriors: The New Prophecy) by Erin Hunter<br />
74: Warriors: The New Prophecy #3: Dawn (Warriors: The New Prophecy) by Erin Hunter <br />
75: Warriors: The New Prophecy #4: Starlight (Warriors: The New Prophecy) by Erin Hunter<br />
76: Who moved my Cheese<br />
77: Women Who Run with Wolves<br />
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